Çengel

Boles
CHAPTER

2
Thermodynamics

Properties of
Pure Substances

Third Edition

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 2-1
Constant-Pressure Phase-Change
Process

(fig. 2-16)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

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 2-2

T-v Diagram of a Pure Substance

Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundaries

(Fig. 2-18)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-3
P-v Diagram of a Pure
Substance

(Fig. 2-19)
Çengel
Boles SUPERHEATED
Thermodynamics

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 2-4
P-v Diagram of Substance that
Contracts on Freezing

(Fig. 2-21)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-5
P-v Diagram of Substance that
Expands on Freezing

(Fig. 2-22)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-6
P-T Diagram of Pure
Substances

(Fig. 2-25)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-7
P-v-T Surface of a Substance that
Contracts on Freezing

(Fig. 2-26)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

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 2-8
P-v-T Surface of a Substance that
Expands on Freezing

(Fig. 2-27)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-9

Partial List of Table A-4

(Fig. 2-35)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-10
Quality Shown in P-v and T-v
Diagrams
Quality is related to the horizontal differences of P-V and T-v diagrams

(Fig. 2-41)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

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 2-11

Partial List of Table A-6

(Fig. 2-45)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-12
Pure Substances
can Exist as Compressed Liquids
At a given P and T, a pure substance will exist
as a compressed liquid if T<T sat @ P

(Fig. 2-49)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

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 2-13
The Region Where Steam
can be Treated as an Ideal Gas

(Fig. 2-54)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-14
Comparison of Z Factors
for Various Gases

(Fig. 2-57)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-15
Percent of Error in Equations
for the State of Nitrogen

(Fig. 2-66)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-16

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

• A substance that has a fixed chemical

composition throughout is called a pure
substance.

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 2-17

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• A pure substance exists in different phases
Thermodynamics

depending on its energy level. In the liquid phase, a

substance that is not about to vaporize is called a
compressed or subcooled liquid.

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 2-18

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

• In the gas phase, a substance that is not about to

condense is called a superheated vapor.

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 2-19

Chapter Summary

• During a phase-change process, the temperature

Çengel and pressure of a pure substance are dependent
Boles properties. At a given pressure, a substance
Thermodynamics

changes phase at a fixed temperature, called the

saturation temperature. At a given temperature,
the pressure at which a substance changes phase
is called the saturation pressure. During a boiling
process, both the liquid and the vapor phases
coexist in equilibrium, and under this condition
the liquid is called saturated liquid and the vapor
saturated vapor.

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 2-20

Chapter Summary

• In a saturated liquid-vapor mixture, the mass fraction

of the vapor phase is called the quality and is defined
Çengel as
Boles
Thermodynamics

The quality may have values between 0 (saturated

liquid) and 1 (saturated vapor). It has no meaning in
the compressed liquid or superheated vapor regions.

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 2-21

Chapter Summary

• In the saturated mixture region, the average value of any intensive property y is determined from

Çengel
Boles
where f stands for saturated liquid and g for saturated vapor.
Thermodynamics

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 2-22

Chapter Summary

• In the absence of compressed liquid data, a general approximation is to treat a compressed liquid as a saturated liquid at the given temperature, that is,

Çengel where y stands for v, u, or h.

Boles
Thermodynamics

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 2-23

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The state beyond which there is no distinct
Thermodynamics

vaporization process is called the critical point. At

supercritical pressures, a substance gradually and
uniformly expands from the liquid to vapor phase.

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 2-24

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• All three phases of a substance coexist in
Thermodynamics

equilibrium at states along the triple line

characterized by triple-line temperature and
pressure.

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 2-25

Chapter Summary

• Various properties of some pure sub-stances are

Çengel
Boles listed in the appendix. As can be noticed from
these tables, the compressed liquid has lower v, u,
Thermodynamics

and h values than the saturated liquid at the same

T or P. Likewise, superheated vapor has higher v,
u, and h values than the saturated vapor at the
same T or P. is a major application area of
thermodynamics.

Third Edition

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 2-26

Chapter Summary
• Any relation among the pressure, temperature,
and specific volume of a substance is called an
Çengel equation of state. The simplest and best-known
Boles equation of state is the ideal-gas equation of state,
Thermodynamics

given as

where R is the gas constant. Caution should be

exercised in using this relation since an ideal gas
is a fictitious substance. Real gases exhibit ideal-
gas behav-ior at relatively low pressures and high
temperatures.
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 2-27

Chapter Summary

• The deviation from ideal-gas behavior can be properly

Çengel accounted for by using the compressibility factor Z,
Boles defined as
Thermodynamics

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 2-28

Chapter Summary

• The Z factor is approximately the same for all

Çengel
gases at the same reduced temperature and
Boles reduced pressure, which are defined as
Thermodynamics

where Pcr and Tcr are the critical pressure and

temperature, respectively. This is known as the
principle of corresponding states.
Third Edition (Continued on next slide)
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 2-29

Chapter Summary
(Continued from previous slide)

• When either P or T is unknown, Z can be

Çengel determined from the compressibility chart with the
Boles help of the pseudo-reduced specific volume,
Thermodynamics

defined as

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 2-30

Chapter Summary
• The P-v-T behavior of substances can be
represented more accurately by the more complex
equations of state. Three of the best known are
Çengel
Boles
van der Waals:
Thermodynamics

where

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 2-31

Chapter Summary

• Beattie-Bridgeman:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

where

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 2-32

Chapter Summary

• Benedict-Webb-Rubin:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

The constants appearing in the Beattie-Bridgeman and Benedict-Webb-

Third Edition Rubin equations are given in Table A-29 for various substances.

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998