ARUSHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

JUNCTION OF MOSHI-ARUSHA AND NAIROBI ROADS

P.O. BOX 296, ARUSHA-TANZANIA
TELEPHONE: +255-27-2503040/2502076, FAX: +255-27-2548337
WEBSITE: http://www.atc.ac.tz, E-MAIL: rector@atc.ac.tz

FINAL YEAR PROJECT – 2023/2024

 MAPPING OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL
STRUCTURES INDICATING
GROUNDWATER IN ARUMERU DISTRICT

GERALD GODWIN LYAKI

21020413012
Supervisor: Eng. JOSEPH MAGIGE
 INRODUCTION

• General objectives
 Develop an accurate and comprehensive map for hydrogeological structures
to indicate the presence and characteristics of groundwater resources.

• Specific objectives
i. To develop a comprehensive inventory of the existing hydrogeological data.

ii. To identify and delineate hydrogeological structures.

iii. Map groundwater potential areas.

 CONT….

Traditionally, hydrogeology is defined as the area of geologic sciences,

as well as engineering, that in its broadest sense deals with water below the land
surface. Hydro is the Greek word for water, and geology is the science of Earth:
geo being a prefix derived from the Greek word Gaia (meaning the earth),
whereas logy is derived from the Greek word logos which means word, thought,
principle, or speech, but in modern times is most commonly understood to mean
science. Thus, geology literally means the science of Earth.
 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

• A good hydrogeological map includes a careful analysis and interpretation of

existing data and a careful "reading" of respective area of information, this includes

- topographical maps
- Oro-hydrographical maps
- meteorological and hydrological maps
- geological maps
- satellite images
- air photographs.
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP

The topographic map is a basic element for any

hydrogeological mapping programme. It’s importance is
twofold,
first as a guide for orientation on the surface
and
secondly as a source of useful hydrological
information, e.g. river network, watersheds and surface
properties.
Topographic base maps, chiefly at larger scales
(> 1: 100 000) present a valuable source of information
for the hydrogeologist, therefore they must be studied in
detail, and useful information has to be grasped directly
or derived from interpretation. Features that may be
grasped directly are springs, bogs, sinkholes, rivers and
creeks, which are often classified as perennial or
 ORO-HYDROGRAPHICAL MAP

• An oro-hydrograhical map, commonly used in hydrogeology, combines

topographical features with hydrological information to illustrate the
relationship between terrain elevation and the distribution of water resources.
These maps depict the topography of an area, including mountain ranges,
valleys, rivers, and lakes, along with hydrological features, such as drainage
basins, watersheds and river networks.
• A study of the river network on a topographical and Oro-hydrographical map,
particularly when coupled with the interpretation of aerial and satellite imagery,
provides useful hints on the geological substratum, morphology and the climatic
setting of the area. It is, therefore, desirable to define the main descriptive
characteristics possibly with quantitative estimates.
METEOROLOGICAL AND
HYDROLOGICAL MAPS

Meteorological maps are visual representation of various

atmospheric conditions and phenomena over a specific
geographic area. They depict data such as temperature,
precipitation, wind patterns, pressure systems, and other
meteorological variables. These maps are essential tools for
meteorologists in analyzing current weather conditions and
forecasting future weather events. They help in understanding
and communicating complex atmospheric processes and their
spatial distribution. Hydrogeological maps depend on these
maps in a way as it gains information in terms of; recharge
rates, evaporation rates, groundwater flow, and climate
change impacts.
From: chrsdata.eng.uci.edu
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS

As geology is a cornerstone for any hydrogeological work, a careful

examination of geological maps and reports, whether published or not is an
indispensable step for the preparation of a hydrogeological map. A geological
map shows the location of outcropping boundaries of rock units. The
information provided by interpreting a geological map for hydrogeological
mapping purposes generally comprises the following two aspects, i.e.

- the conversion of litho-stratigraphical units into hydro-lithological units and

- the identification and selection of structural information, necessary to
describe and
 SATELLITE IMAGES AND AIR
PHOTOGRAPHS

• Aerial photographs are images of the Earth's surface

captured from above by cameras mounted on aircraft,
such as airplanes or helicopters. These photographs
provide detailed views of landscapes, urban areas, and
other features on the ground.

g
 DATA ANALYSIS

• (a) Delimitation of the watershed and description of different runoff regimes

the "watershed" or drainage basin of a stream is the surface within which
water flows towards a stream or tributary

• (b) Study of the aspect of a stream network, its density as well as its
relationship with the slope, lithology and structure of the geological
substratum.
• (c) Study of the orientation and control of the hydrographic system
 AUXILIARY INFORMATION

•In the initial phase of compiling a hydrogeological map, I will collect

information from all sources available, the most important being

- remote sensing
- geological maps and reports
- meteorological and hydrological information.
• In addition, geomorphological, geophysical and soil science investigations may
contain information that may be of interest.
 INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURAL
INFORMATION

• Structural information drawn from geological maps may be twofold,

concerning

• - the geometry of the aquifers ("anatomy")

•- the boundary conditions of aquifer systems which are often
determined by the geological structures.
THANK YOU