Optical Fiber Principle

Contents

 Fiber Transmission Principle

 Fiber Attenuation
 Fiber Dispersion
 Fiber Nonlinear Effects
 SM Fiber Types

2
 Structure of Optical Fiber

Coating Cladding Core

n2 n1


Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core,
a glass cladding and a plastic wear-resisting
coating.

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 Basic Principle of Fiber Transmission

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Contents

 Fiber Transmission Principle

 Fiber Attenuation
 Fiber Dispersion
 Fiber Nonlinear Effects
 SM Fiber Types

5
 Attenuation

It is the reduction of signal strength or light power over the

length of the light-carrying medium. Fiber attenuation is

measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).

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 Attenuation

 Absorbency Attenuation
 Intrinsic Absorbency Attenuation
 Impurity Absorbency Attenuation

 Scattering Attenuation
 Additional attenuation

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 Division of Low-loss window
3.0
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH- absorption peak
2.0 OH- absorption
Loss (dB/km) peak

1.5

OH- absorption
1.0 peak

0.5
O E S C L
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)

O Band Original 1260-1360 nm

E Band Extended 1360-1460 nm
S Band Short 1460-1530 nm
C Band Conventional 1530-1565 nm
L Band Long 1565-1625 nm
U Band Ultralong 1625-1675 nm

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 Feature Comparison between Low-Loss
Windows

Window I II III IV V

1360 ~ 1530 (E
Mark (nm) 850 1310 (O band) 1550 (C band) 1600 (L band)
+ S bands)

Wavelength
600~900 1260~1360 1530~1565 1565~1625 1360~1530
range (nm)

MMF/G.652/ G.652/G.653/ G.652/G.653/

Fiber type MMF Full-wave fiber
G.653 G.655 G.655

Short
Short distance
Applications distance and Long distance and high rate
and low rate
low rate

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Contents

 Fiber Transmission Principle

 Fiber Attenuation
 Fiber Dispersion
 Fiber Nonlinear Effects
 SM Fiber Types

10
 Dispersion

SMF
power power

time time
Input optical pulse Output optical pulse

As the optical pulse signals are transmitted for

Dispersio
long distance, the pulse wave shape spreads by
n
time at the fiber output end, this phenomenon
is called dispersion.

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 Dispersion Classification
Mode dispersion
Mode dispersion exists only
in a multi-mode optical fiber.
Because, There are multiple
modes in a multimode optical
fiber at the same time,
different mode with different
transmission speed along the
fiber, so the time when the
different mode part of light
arrive at the terminal will be
different, and it will cause
different delay, which will
cause the pulse broadening.
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Chromatic Dispersion PMD
Optical signals of different
The transmission speed of
wavelength have different
X axis signal and Y axis
speeds in the optical fiber,
signal in the fiber is
and this will cause a
different, and it will cause
phenomena called
different delay, which will
dispersion ， Chromatic
cause the pulse
dispersion is the key factor
broadening.
for SM fiber
12
 Mode Dispersion

n2
n1
θ2
θ1 θ0

Different modes of optical signal in the fiber

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 Mode Dispersion

The maximum delay is the difference between the

delay of the most fast and the slowest mode

n2
n1
① θC

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 Mode Dispersion

The Mode dispersion is ：

L L Ln1 çæn1 ö Ln1

tM = - = ç - 1 ç» D
C q C C èn2 ø C
sin c
n1 n1

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 Mode Dispersion

△ is the difference of relative refractive index,In the

weakly guiding optical fiber, △ is very small ：

n1  n2 n1  n2
 
n1 n2

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 Mode Dispersion

So the dispersion per every kilometer is ：

n1  n1  n1
 M    1  
C  n2  C
If △ ＝ 1% ， n1 ＝ 1.5 ， L=1km, τM ＝ 50ns 。
So that mode dispersion in MM fiber is very High,
and because of that the transmission distance of MM
fiber is less than 10 km.

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 Chromatic Dispersion

 Optical signals of different wavelength have different speeds in

the optical fiber, and this will cause a phenomena called
dispersion.
 Chromatic dispersion is the result of material dispersion,
waveguide dispersion, or profile dispersion.

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 Influence of Chromatic Dispersion

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Input
Time

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Output
Time

(ps) = D (ps/ nm*km) * S (nm) * L

(km)
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 Influences of Chromatic Dispersion

 Pulse spreading

A major influence of chromatic dispersion to system performance. When
transmission distance is longer than fiber dispersion length, pulse
spreading is too large. At this time, the system will have serious inter-
symbol interference and bit errors.

 Chirp effect

Dispersion not only results in pulse spreading but also makes pulse
generate phase modulation. Such phase modulation makes different
parts of the pulse make different offset from the central frequency with
different frequencies.

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 Chirp

 Chirps can arise e.g. during propagation in a medium due to the

effects of dispersion and nonlinearities.
 In laser diodes, the shift of the laser’s center wavelength during
single pulse durations.

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 Dispersion Tolerance

 Dispersion Tolerance Parameter

 Parameter of dispersion tolerance for laser source (Ds)
 Dispersion parameter for optical fiber (D)

Longest transmission distance: Ds/D

 Example
 If ： Ds = 12800 ps/nm, SMF （ G.652 ）
 Dispersion is ： D = 20 ps/km/nm ， and then the longest transmission
distance of this optical source is 640km.

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 Polarization Mode Dispersion

 This problem occurs because the fiber is not consistent along its length.
 Due to bending and twisting, as well as temperature changes, the fiber
core is not exactly circular.
 The result is that the modes in the fiber exchange power with each
other in a random fashion down the fiber length, which result in
different group velocities; the signal breaks up.
 In effect, the light travels faster on one polarization plane than another.

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 Polarization Mode Dispersion

 Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization

modes have different transmission rates, resulting in delay and
PMD.
 In digital transmission system, PMD will result in pulse separation
and pulse spreading, degrade transmission signal and limit
transmission rate of carriers.

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Contents

 Fiber Transmission Principle

 Fiber Attenuation
 Fiber Dispersion
 Fiber Nonlinear Effects
 SM Fiber Types

25
 Nonlinear Effects

 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)

 Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
 Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
 Self-phase Modulation (SPM)
 Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)

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 Single Phase Modulation (SPM)
Intensity

Pulse width before Optical spectrum

transmission before transmission

Intensity

Pulse width after Optical spectrum after

transmission transmission

 Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and

light intensity, refractive index changes during optical pulse
continuance, with pulse peak phase delayed for both front and
rear edges. With more transmission distance, phase shift is
accumulated continuously and represents large phase
modulation upon certain distance. As a result, spectrum
spreading results in pulse spreading, which is called SPM .

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 Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)

 When two or more optical waves with different frequencies are

simultaneously transmitted in a non-linear media, the amplitude
modulation of each frequency wave will result in the
corresponding change of the fiber refractive index, resulting in
non-linear phase modulation of the optical wave with other
frequencies, which is called XPM.

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 Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

P P

l1 l2 l3 l4 l1 l2 l3 l4
l
I l Out
nput put

 SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short

wavelength and reinforcement of signals with long wavelength.

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 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)

Scattering
Power

Power
Output
Input
Power

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 Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

l1 l2 l3 l1 l4 l2 l3

f
 FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between
multiple optical carriers caused by the non-linear effect of fiber,
when multiple frequencies of optical carriers with high power
are simultaneously transmitted in the fiber.
 FWM results in optical signal energy attenuation in
multiplexing channels and channel crosstalk.

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Contents

 Fiber Transmission Principle

 Fiber Attenuation
 Fiber Dispersion
 Fiber Nonlinear Effects
 SM Fiber Types

32
 Common Types of SMF

 G.652 : Dispersion non-shifted fiber, has a nominal zero-

dispersion wavelength in the 1310 and 1550 nm window.
 G.653 : Dispersion-shifted fiber, zero dispersion at 1550 nm
window, easy to cause FWM.
 G.655 : Non-zero dispersion fiber, used in 1550 nm window. Less
dispersion coefficient, dispersion limited transmission distance
can be hundreds of km; prevent FWM

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 G.652 （ NDSF ）

• The working •At 1550nm area,

•The dispersion
wavelength can the dispersion
at 1310nm is 0
be 1310nm and limited distance
•The attenuation of 2.5G system is
1550nm ， the
rate at 1550nm best working 600km ， normall
is very low, wavelength is y no need DCF
about 1310nm 。 •The dispersion
0.22dB/km
• And it is the limited distance
•But the of 10G system is
most widely
dispersion rate used fiber 。 34km ， normally
at 1550nm is need DCF
high ， about
17ps/(nm·km) 。

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 G.653 （ DSF ）

•Zero dispersion • But because of

point moved FWM ， it is not
from 1310nm to suitable for
1550nm 。 DWDM

•At 1550 area , it

is suitable for
single channel
long distance
system 。

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 G.655 （ NZ-DSF ）

• Low • It is most
attenuation suitable for
rate at 1550nm 10Gb/s DWDM
area system

• Low dispersion
rate at 1550nm
area ， about
6
17ps/(nm·km),

which
restrains FWM

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 Dispersion of the 3 Types of Fibers

G.652
SMF 20
1.0 G.653
Attenuation (dB/km)

Dispersion (ps/nm-km)
DSF
0.8 Attenuation 10
EDFA
0.4 Bandw 0
NZDF+
G.655+
idth
0.2 -10
NZDF-
G.655-

0.1 -20
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Wavelength (nm)

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Thank you