INTRODUCTION

Dr Ashraf HA
Professor of anatomy and
human embryology
Assiut University
 INTRODUCTION
* Human anatomy is the
science that deals with the
study of the structure of the
human body and the
relationship of its
constituent parts to each
other.
* The three main approaches
to studying anatomy are
regional, systemic and
clinical (applied).
 INTRODUCTION
Anatomical position
1. The body was
standing upright
2. The upper limbs
hanging by the
sides
3. The palms of the
hands and the face
directed forwards.
4. The heel together
 INTRODUCTION
Anatomical planes
1. Sagittal plane.
2. Parasagittal plane.
3. Coronal plane.
4. Transverse plane.
 INTRODUCTION
Median (sagittal) plane
 It is a vertical plane
passing through the
center of the body,
dividing it into equal
right and left halves.
 Planes situated to
one or the other side
of the median plane
and parallel to it are
termed paramedian
(parasagittal)
plane.
 INTRODUCTION
The coronal plane
 It is imaginary
vertical plane at
right angles to the
median plane.
 INTRODUCTION
The horizontal or
transverse
 Planes are at
right angles to
both the median
and coronal
planes.
 Anatomical terms
 Medial X Lateral.
 Anterior X Posterior.
 Superior X Inferior.
 Superficial X Deep.
 Proximal X Distal.
 Anatomical terms

1-Superior or cephalic
therefore refers to the
position of a part that
is nearer to the head of
a supposedly upright
body, while inferior or
caudal means nearer
the feet.
 Anatomical terms
2-Anterior (Ventral) means nearer the front of the
body and posterior (dorsal) means nearer the
back.
 Anatomical terms
3-Median means at the
middle (on the median
plane). Medial means
nearer the median
plane and lateral
means further away
from that plane.
4-Superficial, meaning
nearer the skin, and
deep, meaning further
from it.
 Anatomical terms

5-Proximal : nearer to the

trunk. Distal : further from
the trunk.
 Anatomical terms

6-The terms superolateral and inferomedial, or

antero-inferior and postero-superior, or any
other combination of the standard terms may be
used to show intermediate positions in much the
same way as the points of the compass are
described.
 MOVEMENTS
 Flexion X Extension.
 Adduction X
Abduction.
 Medial rotation X
Lateral rotation.
 Circumduction.
 Supination X
Pronation.
 Inversion X Eversion.
 Lateral flexion.
 MOVEMENTS

1-Flexion is approximation
of the articulating bones
in a sagittal plane.
2-Extension means
straightening the joint
and usually takes place
in a posterior direction.
3-Lateral flexion is a
movement of the trunk
in the coronal plane.
 MOVEMENTS

4-Abduction of a limb is
the movement away from
the midline of the body in
the coronal plane.
5-Adduction of a limb is
the movement toward the
body in the coronal plane.
 MOVEMENTS
5-Rotation : movement
of a part of the body
around its long axis.
Medial rotation is the
movement that results
in the anterior surface
of the part facing
medially.
Lateral rotation is the
movement that results
in the anterior surface
of the part facing
laterally.
 MOVEMENTS
6-Pronation of the forearm: the
palm of the hand faces
posteriorly.
7-Supination of the forearm:
the palm of the hand comes
to face anteriorly.
8-Circumduction is the
combination in sequence of
the movements of flexion,
extension, abduction, and
adduction.
 MOVEMENTS

9-Protraction is to move forward.

10-Retraction is to move
backward.
11-Inversion is the movement of
the foot so that the sole faces in
a medial direction.
12-Eversion is the opposite
movement of the foot so that the
sole faces in a lateral direction.
 Layers of dissection
1. Skin.
2. Fascia.
3. Muscles.
4. Bones.
 SKIN
The skin consists of a superficial layer of avascular, stratified
squamous epithelium (the epidermis) and a deeper, vascular,
dense fibrous tissue, (the dermis).
* The epidermis is a stratified epithe­lium whose cells become
flattened as they mature and rise to the surface. On the palm of
the hand and the sole of the foot, the epidermis is extremely
thick. In other areas of the body it is thin.
* The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue containing
many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
 SKIN
In the dermis the bundles of collagen fibers
are mostly arranged in parallel rows. The
direction of the rows of collagen is known
as the lines of cleavage (Langer's lines
or Tension lines), and they tend to run
longitudinally in the limbs and
circumferentially in the neck and trunk.

The skin creases

 SKIN
:The skin appendages
* These are the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.

Skin colour
 FASCIAE
The fasciae of the body may be divided into two types, the superficial
.fasciae and the deep fasciae. They lie deep to the skin
 FASCIAE
THE SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
Definition
Thickness
Functions
Contents
 FASCIAE
DEEP FASCIA
* It is the dense, inelastic membrane deep to the superficial fascia.
* It sends septa between the muscles from its deep surface. Thus it
ensheathes the muscles, the vessels and nerves which lie between
them, holding them in place.
 FASCIAE
DEEP FASCIA
Thickness
* The thickness varies considerably from
place to plac.
• It is thickened in the palm and sole to form
palmar and plantar aponeuroses.
• Retinaculae.
* In contrast it is thin and delicate on the
medial side of the thigh.
* In the thorax and abdomen, it is merely a
thin film of areolar tissue covering the
muscles and aponeuroses.
* It is absent in the face and ischio-anal fossa.