CH 11

C HA PT E
11
R
Lubrication Systems
Learning Objectives
• Define friction and explain how it affects
the internal engine components.
• List the functions of lubricating oil.
• Differentiate between the lubrication
systems in two-cycle engines and four-
cycle engines.
• Explain the operation of ejection pumps,
barrel pumps, and positive displacement
pumps.
• Explain the function of oil filter systems
and differentiate between the three main
types.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Lubrication
• Reducing friction between sliding
surfaces by introducing a slippery or
smooth substance between them
• Lubricant forms:
– Dry (powdered)
– Semidry (grease)
– Liquid (oil)
Friction
• Resistance to motion when one surface
rubs against another
• Even highly polished metal surfaces will
create friction if rubbed together
– Microscopic roughness will resist
movement and create heat
Friction
• As friction and heat increase, metal
parts expand, causing even greater
friction
• Parts eventually weld themselves
together or seize
• In some cases, excessively worn parts
may become too loose to function
properly
Preventing Wear Due to Friction
• Manufacturers select suitable material
for parts in moving contact with each
other
– Rod and main bearings have a cast
babbitt surface
• All bearing surfaces have oil separating
moving parts that are in close contact
– Prevent metals from touching
Qualities of Lubricating Oil
• Permits easy • Keeps engine

starting parts clean
• Lubricates engine – Detergent/dispers
ant additives
parts
– Hydrodynamic lub • Cools engine
rication parts
– Boundary lubricati • Seals combustion
on
pressures
• Protects against • Prevents foaming
rust and
• Aids fuel
corrosion
economy
Oil Specifications
• Given in two ratings:
– Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
Viscosity
• Also called viscosity grade
– American Petroleum Institute (API)
Engine Oil Service Classification
• Referred to as type of oil
Viscosity
• Viscosity is a measure of an oil’s
resistance to flow
– Keeps oil from being squeezed out from
between engine surfaces as they move
under pressure
– Oil used must have viscosity
characteristics that ensure satisfactory
cold cranking, good oil circulation, and
adequate temperature protection
SAE Viscosity Grade
• Developed by SAE
• All engine oils classified according to
this system
• Used worldwide
SAE Viscosity Grade
• Each oil is assigned a grade that
signifies the viscosity range into which it
falls
– Thick, slow-flowing oils have high
numbers
– Thin free-flowing oils have low numbers
– W before grade number indicates that oil
is suitable for use at low ambient
temperatures
SAE Viscosity Grade
Recommendations
Viscosity Index (V.I.)
• Temperature effect on viscosity varies
with different types of oils
• Viscosity index is a measure of the
relationship between viscosity and
temperature
– High viscosity number indicates little
change in viscosity over a wide range of
temperatures
Multigrade Oils
• Multigrade, or multiviscosity oils meet
the viscosity requirements of two or
more SAE grades
– SAE 5W-20, SAE 5W-30, and SAE 10W-30
• Can be substituted for single viscosity
grades in four-stroke engines
– Should not be used in two-stroke engines
API Engine Oils
Service Classification System
• Dynamic method of rating an oil’s
suitability for use in various generations
of engine
• New categories created as oil is
reengineered to meet growing demands
placed on it by evolving engine designs
API Engine Oils Service
Classifications
• Divided into two categories:
– “C” categories: classify oils suitable for
use with compression-ignition engines
– “S” categories: classify oils suitable for
use with four-stroke, spark-ignition
engines
• Each successive “S” category is a suitable
replacement for all the “S” categories that
preceded it
API Engine Oil Categories for
Spark-Ignition Engines
API Engine Oil
Service Classification Symbol
• Provides information about oil’s
characteristics and applications
• Typically found on oil container label
• May also be found on oil fill cap or in
owner’s manual
API Engine Oil
Service Classification Symbol
• Divided into three

parts:
– Top specifies oil’s
service
classification or
recommended
application
– Center describes
the oil’s viscosity
– Bottom contains
information on
oil’s fuel-saving
properties
Selecting the Proper Engine Oil
• Always use type recommended by engine
manufacturer
• Shown on engine nameplate, oil filler
cap, or label attached to engine
– Also found in operator’s manual
• API categories are not for two-stroke
engines or those with wet clutch
– Two-cycle oils contain additives that
prevent unburned deposits
Engine Lubrication Systems
• The way moving parts are lubricated
differs in two- and four-cycle gasoline
engines
– In two-cycle engine, oil is mixed with
gasoline and poured in tank
– In a four-cycle engine, oil is poured into
the crankcase
Two-Cycle Engine Lubrication
• Two-cycle engine receives lubrication as
fuel mixed with oil passes through
engine
• Clean oil continuously supplied to all
moving parts while engine is running
– Will get adequate lubrication even when
operated at extreme angles
• Oil eventually burns in combustion
chamber and is exhausted with other
gases
Mixing Fuel and Oil
• The correct mixture of fuel and oil is
critical in maintaining a two-stroke
engine in good working condition
• The prescribed type and grade of oil
must be mixed with fuel in proper
proportion before being placed in tank
– Refer to manufacturer’s
recommendations
Mixing Fuel and Oil
• Amount of oil for given amount of fuel
expressed as ratio
– A fuel-to-oil ration of 40:1 requires 1 part
oil for every 40 parts gasoline
• Mix oil and fuel in separate container
– Empty half of fuel from container
– Add appropriate amount of oil
– Place cap on container and shake
– Add fuel that was removed and shake
again
Two-Cycle Engine Fuel-to-Oil Ratio
Chart
Four-Cycle Engine Lubrication
• Provided by placing the correct amount
and grade of oil in crankcase
– Oil sump supplies lubrication for cylinder
wall and all internal engine parts
– Several methods used to feed oil from
crankcase to correct locations
• Must be operated in upright position for
adequate lubrication
Splash Lubrication System
• Oil dipper located on connecting rod cap
– Picks up oil from crankcase on every
revolution of crankshaft
– Splashes oil on parts
• Oil slinger used in place of dipper in
some engines
– Driven by crankshaft or crankshaft gear
– Has several blades, or fingers, that pick
up oil and splash it onto internal engine
parts
– Provides more consistent supply of oil
Constant Level Splash System
• Contains oil pump, splash trough, and
strainer
• Pump supplies more oil to trough than
dipper can remove
• Oil returning to crankcase passes
through strainer
• System provides adequate lubrication as
long as there is enough oil to supply
pump
• Engine can be operated at angle
Ejection and Barrel Pump Systems
• Ejection pump system
– Forces oil under pressure against
connecting rod
– Some oil enters connecting rod bearings,
while remaining oil is deflected to other
parts
• Barrel pump system
– Uses cylinder-and-plunger type pump
– Oil is forced through passages in
camshaft to the main bearing and
connecting rod journals
Pressurized Lubrication Systems
• Similar to systems used in automotive
engines
• Used in conjunction with splash system
• Relies on positive displacement oil pump
or rotor pump to supply oil to moving
parts
– Passages for oil flow are drilled to all
critical points
– Pressure relief valve prevents excessively
high pressures at high engine speeds
Gear-Type Pump Operation
Oil Filter Systems
• Used on engines with pressurized
lubrication systems
• Prevent harmful materials from
circulating through engine
– Oil filter prevents fine particles from
circulating
– Oil strainer prevents large particles from
entering the filter
Filter System Types
• Bypass filter system
– Pumps part of oil through filter
– Remaining oil pumped to engine bearings
• Shunt filter system
– Part of oil delivered by pump is filtered
and directed to bearings
– Remaining oil shunted past the filter and
back into crankcase
• Full-flow filter system
– Directs all pumped oil through filter and
to bearings
Bypass Filter System
(Wix
Filters)
Full-Flow Filter System
Low-Oil Warning and Shutdown
Systems
• Low-oil warning devices
– Warn operator
– Shut down engine
• Limited to four-stroke engines
Review
The resistance to motion created when one
surface rubs against another is called _____.
friction
Review
To prevent wear caused by friction, all
bearing surfaces must have _____
separating moving parts that are in close
contact
oil
Review
List eight functions of modern motor oil.
(Any order) Permits easy starting,
lubricates engine parts, protects against
rust and corrosion, keeps engine parts
clean, cools engine parts, seals
combustion pressures, prevents foaming,
aids fuel economy
Review
A two-stroke engine receives its lubrication
as _____ mixed with oil passes through the
engine.
fuel
Review
In a four-stroke engine, lubrication is
provided by placing the correct quantity
and grade of oil in the _____.
crankcase
Review
In an ejection pump system, oil is forced
against the rotating _____.
connecting rod
Review
In a(n) _____ pump system, an eccentric on
a hollow camshaft moves the pump plunger
in and out of the pump cylinder.
barrel
Review
A positive displacement oil pump is used in
a(n) _____ lubrication system.
pressurized
Review
Oil _____ prevent harmful materials from
circulating through the engine.
filters
Review
Name the three basic types of oil filter
systems commonly used on small engines.
Bypass filter systems, shunt filter systems,
and full-flow filter systems
Review
True or False? In a bypass filter system, all
the oil is pumped through the filter and
directly to the engine bearings.
False

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C HA PT E

• Permits easy • Keeps engine

• Divided into three

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