Mechanical Engineering

MOHAMMAD ISLAM MOHAMMAD 2021006811

FARES HOSSAM MAHRAN 2021001358
KEROLOS GAFER SALAMA 2021009356
AHMED AMER SAYED 2021009528
OMAR ALI OMAR 2021008356
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Will be talking about :

Mechanical engineering can be classified

into :
Automobile mechanics
Aircraft mechanics
Fluid mechanics
Watercraft mechanics
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Specifically :

 The Automobile mechanics :

 Definition
 History
 Development
 Carburetor
 Injection
 Transmission
 Manual transmission
 Automatic transmission
 CVT
 Electric cars
 Invention
 Pros and cons
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Automobile Definition :

 A CAR : A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor

vehicle motor used for transportation. Most
definitions of cars say that they run primarily on
roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels
and sometimes three wheels, and mainly transport
people rather than goods.
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Automobile History :

 In November 1881, French inventor Gustave demonstrated the first working (three-
wheeled) car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris.
The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the car when the German Carl Benz
patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen; he is generally acknowledged as the inventor of
the car.
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Automobile History :

 In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878.
Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for
powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He
was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under
the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883).
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Automobile History :

 August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife of Carl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to
prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention.
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Automobile Development :

 Any car needs fuel to start the engine and to work well, but how can we insert
the fuel inside the engine ?
 Here comes the first thing to insert the fuel inside the engine.
The basic concept of air-fuel ratio in a car.
 To make the fuel burn in the best way it should be in a vapour state not liquid
state, so the scientists and engineers at that time were searching for a method to
make this process in the best way .
 And they came out with the carburetor to do make this process in the car at that
time.
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Automobile Development :

 The carburetor :
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The Carburetor :

 Is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in an appropriate air–
fuel ratio for combustion.
 The carburetor works on Bernoulli's principle: the faster air moves, the lower its static
pressure, and higher the dynamic pressure is.
 The throttle (accelerator) linkage does not directly control the flow of liquid fuel.
Instead, it actuates carburetor mechanisms that meter the flow of air being carried into
the engine. The speed of this flow, and therefore its (static) pressure, determines the
amount of fuel drawn into the airstream.
 As the throttle valve is opened slightly from the fully closed position, the throttle plate
uncovers additional fuel delivery holes behind the throttle plate where there is a low-
pressure area created by the throttle plate/Valve blocking the airflow; these allow more
fuel to flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the
throttle is opened, thus smoothing the transition to metered fuel flow through the regular
open throttle circuit.
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The Carburetor :

 As the throttle valve is progressively opened, the manifold vacuum is lessened since
there is less restriction of the airflow, reducing the fuel flow through the idle and off-idle
circuits. This is when the venturi shape of the carburetor throat comes into play, due to
Bernoulli's principle (i.e., as the velocity increases, the pressure falls). The venturi
increases the air velocity, and this higher speed and thus lower pressure draws fuel into
the airstream through a nozzle or nozzles located in the center of the venturi. Sometimes
one or more additional booster venturis are placed coaxially within the primary venturi to
increase the effect.
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Automobile Development :

 Later on …. People were annoyed from the carburetor because it wastes a lot of fuel and
this is also not good for the environment and there was a limit for the car’s power at that
time.
 So people were searching again for something better than carburetors, and they came up
with the injectors.
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The Injectors :

 Fuel injector (sometimes called an injection valve), a device that creates

sufficient injection pressure, and a device that meters the correct amount
of fuel. These three basic components can either be separate devices (fuel
injector(s), fuel distributor, fuel pump), partially combined devices
(injection valve and an injection pump), or completely combined devices
(unit injector). Early mechanical injection systems (except air-blast
injection) typically used injection valves (with needle nozzles) in
combination with a single (or more than one) relatively sophisticated
helix-controlled injection pump(s) that both metered the fuel and created
the injection pressure.
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Transmission :

 When the engine revolves, this makes a torque that should be transferred to the wheels.
 At the beginning, the cars were only run at one speed or to be specific run at one gear.
This makes the engine runs so fast but the car is still slow and this is the maximum speed
for it.
 So here came the idea of something has multiple gears and can change gears when need.
This thing is the Transmission.
 And we have three types of transmission :
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Transmission : Manual
 Is a multi-speed motor vehicle transmission system, where gear changes require the
driver to manually select the gears by operating a gear stick and clutch (which is usually
a foot pedal for cars or a hand lever for motorcycles).
 Early automobiles used sliding-mesh manual transmissions with up to three forward gear
ratios. Since the 1950s, constant-mesh manual transmissions have become increasingly
commonplace and the number of forward ratios has increased to 5-speed and 6-speed
manual transmissions for current vehicles.
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Transmission : Automatic
 It can be instead of the manual transmission, it’s easier than the manual but it’s more
complicated in its mechanics.
 A hydraulic automatic transmission uses planetary gearsets instead of the manual
transmission's design of gears lined up along input, output and intermediate shafts. To
change gears, the hydraulic automatic uses a combination of internal clutches, friction
bands or brake packs. These devices are used to lock certain gears, thus setting which
gear ratio is in use at the time.
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Transmission : Continuously variable
transmission ( CVT )
 A continuously variable transmission can change seamlessly through a continuous
(infinite) range of gear ratios, compared with other automatic transmissions that provide
a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable
control may allow the engine to operate at a constant RPM while the vehicle moves at
varying speeds.
 The best thing about the CVT instead of having infinite number of gears is its size. It is
small compared to the AT and Manual transmissions, so this saves space around the
engine for better cooling.
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Electric Cars :

 What is electric cars?

 An electric car, battery electric car, or all electric car is an automobile that is propelled by
one or more electric motors, using only energy stored in batteries. Compared to internal
combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, have no exhaust emissions,
and lower emissions overall.
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Electric Cars : Invention

 Who made the first electric car?

 It is said that the first electric vehicle by a British inventor by the name of Robert
Anderson between 1832 and 1839. Robert Anderson’s vehicle used a disposable battery
powered by crude oil to turn the wheels.
 And these days there are so many companies that started in manufacturing electric cars
from them BMW, Nissan and the company that specializes in this invention is (TESLA).
Tesla is an American electric vehicle and clean energy industries
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Electric Cars : Pros & Cons

 Electric cars have many pros :

 If we look at the financial side : the total cost of ownership of recent electric vehicles is
cheaper than that of equivalent ICE cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs.
 The environmental side : Fully electric cars have zero tailpipe emissions making them
greener, cleaner and better for the environment than petrol or diesel cars. A Plug-in
hybrid pairs a small battery and electric motor and there as a quote said ”Better for the
environment, better for you”.
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Electric Cars : Pros & Cons

 Talking about cons :

 From the length and distance side : Electric cars can travel less distance Electric cars on
average have a shorter range than gas-powered cars. Most models ranging between 60
and 120 miles per charge and some luxury models reaching ranges of 300 miles per
charge.
 Looking to the refueling and charging side : Electric cars take longer to “refuel” Fueling
an all-electric car can also be an issue. Fully recharging the battery pack with a Level 1
or Level 2 charger can take up to 8 hours, and even fast charging stations take 30 minutes
to charge to 80 percent capacity.
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Electric Cars : Battery

 Cars charging:
 Charging an electric vehicle using public charging stations takes longer than refueling a
fossil fuel vehicle. The speed at which a vehicle can recharge depends on the charging
station's charging speed and the vehicle's own capacity to receive a charge. As of 2021
some cars are 400 volt and some 800 volt.
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Electric Cars : Chargers

 Different Types Of EV Charger:

 There are three types of plug-in EV and hybrid charger.
Slow, Fast and Rapid.
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Electric Cars : Slow Chargers

 A slow charger is the standard 3-pin plug socket found in Irish homes. These are best for
overnight charging. They have an output of up to 3kW and are usually used for home
charging. A slow charger will usually take 6 to 12 hours to fully charge an electric
vehicle or 2 to 4 hours for a plug-in hybrid.
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Electric Cars : Fast Chargers

 A fast charger is a standard outdoor electric vehicle charger. It provides a power output of
7 to 22 kW and will usually fully charge an electric vehicle in 3 to 4 hours. Fast charger
connectors are tethered with two types of socket, dependent on your vehicle.
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Electric Cars : Rapid Chargers

 There are two types of rapid charger. AC and DC. An AC Rapid charger will provide a
power output of 43kW while a DC Rapid charger will provide at least 50kW. Both
chargers will replenish an electric vehicle battery to 80% capacity in around 30 - 60
minutes depending on battery capacity.
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Electric Cars : Range

 Car traveling range:

 Definition: What do we mean by 'range'?
All types of car – petrol, diesel or electric – have a 'range' on a full tank / battery.
Here's a simple way of putting it: (Range = how far you can travel without having to
‘refuel’ your vehicle).
 The range of an electric car depends on the number and type of batteries used, and (as
with all vehicles), the aerodynamics, weight and type of vehicle and speed like If you
drive an electric car around town, at low speeds, the battery seems to last for ages.
Driving slowly puts very little stress on the battery and you are rewarded with extra
range.
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Electric Cars

 Also because of the global warming according to the emission comes from the internal
combustion engines. The best choice now is the electric cars.
 And also it is the future.