APOLIPOPROTEINS

BY : GROUP 4
TO : MISS IQRA
APOLIPOPROTEINS

• Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins.

They transport the lipids through the lymphatic and circulatory
systems.
• Lipoprotein, any member of a group of substances containing both
lipid (fat) and protein.
• Apolipoprotein (Apo) transport blood lipids to various tissues of the
body for metabolism and utilization.
• It is mainly synthesized in the liver and partly in the small
intestine
• Apolipoprotein E (APOE) was first identified in humans as a
constituent of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in 1973 by
Shore and Shore (1973).
 APOLIPOPROTEINS ALSO KNOWN AS
APOPROTEINS.

• Peripheral apoproteins, which lie on the

surface of circulating lipoproteins, can be
exchanged between lipoprotein complexes,
whereas integral apoproteins cannot.
• ApoB is an integral apolipoproteins while others
are peripheral.
 STRUCTURE

• Apolipoproteins have a
spherical structure.
• Portions at the center of
Apolipoproteins are
hydrophobic and portions
near the surface are
hydrophilic.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF APOLIPOPROTEINS

• There are six major classes of Apolipoproteins and several sub-classes:

• Apolipoproteins A
• Apolipoproteins B
• Apolipoproteins C
• Apolipoproteins D
• Apolipoproteins E
• Apolipoproteins H
 APOLIPOPROTEINS A

Apolipoprotein A is a protein carried in HDL (“good”) cholesterol. It helps start the process
for HDL to remove bad types of cholesterol from your body. In this way, apolipoprotein A
can help to lower your risk for cardiovascular diseases. Subclasses are:
• Apo-A1
• Apo-A2
• Apo-A4
• Apo-A5
APOLIPOPROTEINS B

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is the primary apolipoprotein and is the carrier for the following
lipids: chylomicrons, low-density lipoprotein ( LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL),
intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and lipoprotein (a). Subclasses are
• Hepatic ApoB is termed as ApoB100
• Intestinal Apo B as apoB 48
APOLIPOPROTEINS C

In the fasting state, the C apolipoproteins are mainly associated with HDL. In the field of
molecular biology, apolipoprotein C is a family of four low molecular weight
apolipoproteins, that are surface components of chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL. Subtypes
are:
• Apo-C1
• Apo-C11
• Apo-C111
• Apo-C1V
• Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is an extracellular glycoprotein. Function as Immune
response, cell proliferation regulation and proteolysis regulation.
• Apolipoprotein E A major function of apoE is to mediate the binding of lipoproteins or
lipid complexes in the plasma or interstitial fluids to specific cell-surface receptors.
• Apolipoproteins H (ApoH, also named β-2 glycoprotein I) is synthesized mainly in the
liver, but the specific functions of apoH remain unknown.
 MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TYPES

• There are two major types of apolipoproteins.

• Apolipoproteins B form low-density lipoprotein (“bad cholesterol”)
particles. These proteins have mostly beta-sheet structure and associate
with lipid droplets irreversibly.
• Other apolipoproteins form high-density lipoprotein (“good cholesterol”)
particles. These proteins consist of alpha-helices and associate with lipid
droplets reversibly. During binding to the lipid particles these proteins
change their three-dimensional structure.
FUNCTIONS

• In lipid transport, apolipoproteins function as structural components of

lipoprotein particles, cofactors for enzymes and ligands for cell-surface
receptor.
• apoA4 is thought to act primarily in intestinal lipid absorption.
• apoE is a blood plasma protein that mediates the transport and uptake of
cholesterol and lipid.
 FUNCTIONS IN CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

• Apolipoproteins are very important in

cholesterol metabolism as they act as
enzymes and ligands for receptors mediating
lipid modification and absorption (see also
above). Most apolipoproteins are made in
the liver and intestine, but a small amount of
apoB can be made in heart tissue and apoE is
made by macrophages.
 INTESTINAL LIPID ABSORPTION

• A-IV is stimulated by fat

absorption in the intestine
and is secreted on nascent
chylomicrons into intestinal
lymph.
BENEFITS

• It helps start the process for HDL to remove bad types of cholesterol from
your body. In this way, apolipoprotein A can help to lower your risk for
cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein A levels can be measured. But it’s
more common to measure the HDL and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol when
looking at cardiovascular risk.
 APOLIPOPROTEIN DISEASES

• Apolipoprotein is a group of plasma proteins that are associated with a variety of

diseases, such as
• Hyperlipidemia
• Atherosclerosis,
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Diabetes.
Apolipoproteins effect on Diabetes
APOLIPOPROTEINS TESTING

• Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) are used alongside other
routine lipid tests to help determine an individual’s risk of developing CVD.
• Apo-B100 test: This test measures the amount of a certain type of protein on the surface
of cholesterol called apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB) in your blood. ApoB is the main
protein found in the low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
• Normal ranges is about 50 to 150 mg/dL.
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