Divisions: subdivisions

Molecular biology

Cell biology

Organismal biology

Population biology
Classification: Orderly arrangement of units under study into groups of larger units

Carolus Linnaeus

Nomenclature: a system of naming plants and animals….present day classification

Untill 18th century: Two kingdoms

Plant like, animal like, both and none

1866: E. H. Haeckel: Protista---BAFP---Lower and higher

What could be the criteria to distinguish bacteria and yeast?

EM: In bacteria nuclear substance is not enclosed by nuclear membrane

Internal structure of cell

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Recent and comprehensive (complete) system of classification: 5 kingdom

R. H. Whittaker, 1969 : Level of cellular organization which evolved to

accommodate three principal modes of nutrition

Monera: Lack ingestive mode, bac cyanobac

Protista: Microalgae: Photosynthesis, Protozoa: Ingestive, Other protist absoptive

Microalgae and protozoa

Multicellular and multinucleated eukaryotic organims are found in kingdoms

Plantae: Multicellular green plants and higher algae

Animalia: Multicellular organisms

Fungi: Multinucleate higher fungi, yeast and molds

Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology: 1923, David Hendricks Bergey
Determination of indenity of Procaryotic organisms

classification
Procaryotae Kingdom: Bacteria

4 Divisions:

Gracilicutes: Proc. With complex cell wall structure: G-ve

Firmicutes: Cell structure characteristics of G+ve bacteria

Tenericutes: Lack cell wall

Mendosicutes: Procarotes that show evidence of an earlier phylogenetic orogin

than those bacteria included in Divi 1 and 2

Phylogenetics : Study of the evolutionary history and relationships ampng

individuals or groups of organisms
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON O2 REQUIREMENT
In addition to these major classes, there are organisms which grow best at reduced O 2
pressure but are obligate aerobes and these are called microaerophillic e.g. most
lactobacilli.

Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes: Facultative anaerobe:

The organisms which The which do not use the organisms that can
requires oxygen to grow molecular O2 and Oxygen grow either in the
is toxic to them are presence or absence of
known as obligate oxygen
anaerobes
e.g. Nitrobacter e.g. Clostridium e.g. E. coli.
9.5 Nutritional classification

Microorganisms are grouped in relation to nutritional requirement into two groups;

•Autotrophs: which can utilize inorganic nutrients or light as a source of energy. Ex:
Nitrifyingbacteria, algae etc.

•Heterotrophs: Which requires organic compounds as a source of energy. Ex: Many

bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
Currently microorganisms are grouped into four major groups based on the above
parameters.

•Photoautotrophs: which use light as energy source and CO2as carbon source. Ex:
Algae andmany photosynthetic bacteria.

•Photoheterotrophs: Which use light as energy source and reduced organic

compounds as C sourceEx: purple non-sulphur bacteria.

•Chemoautotrophs: Which use inorganic chemicals as energy source and CO2as

carbon source.Obtain their energy by the oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds
such as NH3, NO2, H2, H2S, Fe2+. These organisms are also called as chemolithotrophs.
Since these can grow in an inorganic medium in the absence of light.

•Chemoheterotrophs: Which use organic compounds as an energy source as well as

principalcarbon source. The clear distinction between the energy source and the carbon
source which is the characteristic of the above 3 groups is lost since this group can
desire both carbon and energy from a single organic compound.
Microorganisms Energy Carbon Examples
Photolithotrophs Light Carbon dioxide Algae, Purple
sulphur bacteria,
Green sulphur
bacteria
Photo organotrophs Light Organic Purple non-sulphur
bacteria
Chemolithotrophs Oxidation of Carbon dioxide Nitrifying bacteria,
inorganic Iron bacteria,
compounds Hydrogen bacteria
Chemo organotrophs Oxidation of organic Organic compounds Most bacteria fungi
compounds and protozoa