General Chemistry

Chemical Bonding
Ayaz Mammadov PHD in chemistry
Definition
Bond: forces that hold one atom to another in a compound
Results of chemical bonding can form an ion, molecules and compounds
depending to what type of bonding took place
Making and breaking bonds

To break a bond requires energy to be put in to

overcome the forces of attraction
Bond breaking is endothermic.
To make bond causes a release of energy.
Bond making is exothermic.
Lewis Dot Symbols
Three Types of Bonds

1. Metallic
2. Ionic
3. Covalent
Metallic Bonds
Metallic bonds are the chemical bonds that hold atoms together in metals.
They differ from covalent and ionic bonds because the electrons in metallic
bonding are delocalized, that is, they are not shared between only two atoms.
Instead, the electrons in metallic bonds float freely through the lattice of
metal nuclei. This type of bonding gives metals many unique material
properties, including excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, high
melting points, and malleability. For ex. Copper, iron, platinum, gold etc.
Ionic Bonding:

 Chemical bonding holding oppositely charged ions

together.
 Between a metal and non-metal
Ionic Bonding
Ionic compound results when a metal reacts with a non-
metal.
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms.
Usually is between two non-metals (ex. H, C, O, N…)
Covalent bonding like Ionic bonding results in a more stable compound,
because the atoms involved meet the “octet rule”.
Octed rule
Non-polar and polar covalent bonds

 Non-polar covalent bond (H2, O2, F2...)

 Polar covalent bond (HF, HCl, H2O...)

Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Bond length

Multiple bonds are shorter than single covalent bonds. Bond length is defined
as the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms in a
molecule
Lewis structures
A Lewis structure is a diagram that shows the covalent bonds
and lone electron pairs in a molecule.
The Concept of Resonance
Coordinate Covalent Bonds

When a shared pair of electrons comes from only one atom,

not two its known as a coordinate covalent bond.
Dipole moment
A dipole moment is a result of unequal electron distribution, which
occurs due to differences in electronegativity between chemically-
bonded atoms (since electrons tend to move towards more
electronegative atoms).
Use of Bond Enthalpies in Thermochemistry
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Amorphous Solids have an irregular arrangement of solid particles.
The intermolecular forces are not equal. Also, the distance between
particles varies. Example: Naphthalene, glass, Cellophane, polyvinyl
chloride
In crystalline solids the particles are arranged regularly. The particles
have equal intermolecular forces. They have sharp melting point.
They are called true solids. Example: Benzoic acid, Diamond,
Potassium nitrate, copper
Types of Crystalline Solids
There are four types of crystals: (1) ionic, (2) metallic, (3) covalent
network, and (4) molecular.
1). The ionic crystal structure consists of alternating positively-charged cations and
negatively-charged anions.
2). Metallic crystals consist of metal cations surrounded by a "sea" of mobile
valence electrons
3). A covalent network crystal consists of atoms at the lattice points of the crystal,
with each atom being covalently bonded to its nearest neighbor atoms
4). Molecular crystals typically consist of molecules at the lattice points of the
crystal, held together by relatively weak intermolecular forces.
Crystalline Solids: Melting and Boiling Points