Experiment 3

Determining of Avogadro’s number

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 Contents

01. Purpose & Theory

02. Apparatus & Reagent

03. Procedure

04. Result

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 01. Purpose & Theory

A) Purpose
- To derive Avogadro’s number (the number of molecules in a mole of a substance), using an oil layer
on water.

B) Theory
a. Avogadro’s number
 Avogadro’s number, number of units in one mole of any
substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams),
equal to 6.022140857 × 1023. The units may be elec-
trons, atoms, ions, or molecules, depending on the na-
ture of the substance and the character of the reaction (if
any)

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 01. Purpose & Theory
B) Theory
H2O - Polar
b. mole
 The mole is the unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) for
amount of substance. The unit is defined as the amount of a chemical substance
which contains as many representative particles, e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, elec-
trons, or photons, as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 ( 12C), the isotope of
carbon with relative atomic mass 12 by definition. This number is expressed by the
Avogadro constant, which has a value of 6.022140857×10 23 mol−1, which is just over
602 sextillion.
Hexane – Non-polar

c. Polar molecule and Non-polar molecule

 Molecules are made up of atoms which do not always share electrons equally.
 When the atoms share electrons unequally, an asymmetry in molecular charge re-
sults. polar molecule
 When they share equally symmetry is achieved non-polar molecule

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 01. Purpose & Theory
B) Theory
d. Formation of monolayer
Formation of
monolayer  Because stearic acid is polar, the carboxyl group aligns itself so that it is close to the water.

 However, the hydrocarbon chain is non-polar, so it is aligned in such a way as to be far from
the water. Consequently it forms a monolayer.

◁ Monolayer with hydrophilic surface

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 02. Apparatus & Reagent

A) Apparatus

Large water bowl Pipette with pipette bulb Glass rod

Graduated cylinder Beaker Balance Spatula Ruler

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 02. Apparatus & Reagent

B) Reagents

O
H H
Water Hexane

Stearic acid
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 03. Procedure
 Procedure A – Calibration of pipette

1. Wash a pipette with hexane several times and fill the pipette with hexane.

2. Measure the number of drops of 1 mL hexane.

 Procedure B – Measure the diameter of monolayer

1. Fill a large bowl half way with water and wait until the water surface is smooth.

2. Sow the powder of pine pollen onto the water carefully. At this time the powder should be
spread over the entire surface of the water evenly.

3. Pour 100ml of hexane with 0.01g–0.02g stearic acid into the beaker and mix it completely. Then
drop a single drop of mixture in the center of the bowl. It will begin to spread the pollen. You
should be able to distinguish the interface of the round shape of the oil layer.

4. After it has finished spreading, measure the diameter of monolayer. If it is not a round shape,
get the average of many diagonal lengths of the oil layer.

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04. Result

r2
r2 h h=18 carbon atoms (size of carbon) 𝑥
r2
= 3.14
()
cm3 = mL
density of stearic acid = 0.941g/cm3 12.011𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚 3 𝑚𝐿 3.42𝑚𝐿
× × =
density of diamond = 3.51g/cm3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 3.51 𝑔 𝑐𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

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 04. Result
1. Revision of pipet
number of a drop in 1ml hexane :
volume of a single drop hexane :

2. Surface area covered with a single drop stearic acid

diameter of monolayer :
area of monolayer :

3. Thickness of stearic acid monolayer

mass of a single drop stearic acid :
volume of a single drop stearic acid :
area of monolayer :
thickness of monolayer :

4. Size and volume of carbon atom (number of stearic acid's carbon atoms is 18)
size of carbon :
volume of carbon(assume carbon is cube) :

5. Volume of 1mol carbon atoms

molar volume of carbon(using density of diamond, 3.51g/cm3) :

6. Calculation of Avogadro's number

using molar volume of carbon and volume of carbon atom : SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY