CHAPTER III

METHODOLO
GY
Understanding data
and ways to
systematically collect
data
WIKARAMBUL
AN
1. KEYS IS
TIDY
CASE
STUDY
2. FEE KNOW
ME NO LOW
GAY
PHENOMENOLOG
Y
3. EAT KNOW
GRAY FEE
ETHNOGRAP
HY
4. HASTE TOW
RAY CALL
HISTORICAL
5. KNEE RAY
THIEVE
NARRATIV
E
RESEAR
CH
DESIGN
ETHNOGRAPHY refers to the direct description of
a group, culture or community.
Ethnography
› ethno=people
› graphy= writing
› Ethnography translates to
writing about people.
Ethnography
› aims to study a particular group of
people in their natural settings.
› wants to describe and interpret the
behavior of different kinds of people,
culture or population.
› This can pertain to a specific type of
culture, community, school, or
workplace.
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS is an
approach that includes stories that
reflect on people’s experience and the
meaning that this experience has for
them.
PHENOMENOLOGY is an approach that
focuses on the subjective experience of
the individual and seeks to understand
the essence or structure of a phenomenon
from the perspective of those who have
experienced them.
CASE STUDY is a bounded
system, a single entity, a unit
around which there are
boundaries.
The difference of case study with other
approaches to qualitative research is
that it gives a more in-depth analysis
to a topic with a use of more data
gathering procedures at the same time.
The problem with case studies is that
it’s more difficult to use especially if it
is your first time making a research
paper.
Begin composing the
methodology of your study
by providing the required
information below.
a. Definition of specific
method(s) to be used
b. Reference
c. Definition and
description of
theoretical concepts to
be used
d. Rationale for
choosing this specific
methodology
SAMPLI
NG
METHOD
 PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
› refers to a sampling technique in
which samples are obtained using
some objective chance
mechanism, thus involves
RANDOMIZATION
Commonly
used
probability
sampling
techniques
1. Simple random sampling
› sample is selected by a process that does
not only give each element in the
population a chance of being included in
the sample but also makes the selection
of EVERY POSSIBLE
COMBINATION of the desired
number of cases equally likely
1. Simple random sampling

› Sample is selected in one of

two ways: by means of a table
of random numbers or by
using the lottery technique
 2. Systematic random sampling
› chance and system are the ones to determine
who should compose the sample.
› if you want to have a sample of 150, you may
select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out
of a list of 1,500 students, take every 15th
name on the list until you complete the total
number of respondents to constitute your
sample.
3. stratified random sampling
› The group comprising the sample is
chosen in a way that such group is
liable to subdivision during the data
analysis stage.
› A study needing group-by-group
analysis finds stratified sampling the
right probability sampling to use.
 4. Cluster sampling
› This is a probability sampling that makes you
isolate a set of persons instead of individual
members to serve as sample members.
› For example, if you want to have a sample of
120 out of 1,000 students, you can randomly
select three sections with 40 students each to
constitute the sample.
non probability sampling
› a technique used when there is
NO WAY of estimating the
probability that each element
has of being included in the
sample
1. Convenience/availability sampling
› subjects are selected because of their
convenient accessibility and proximity
to the researcher
› also called accidental or availability
sampling
examples of convenience sampling
› In CLINICAL PRACTICE (medical
field), patients who are available to
medical people are usually their sample.
› In RESEARCH, samples are usually
those who simply volunteer for the
study.
› Interviews by television news program
to “the man on the street” to get quick
reading of public opinion.
2. snowball sampling
› works like a chain referral
› After observing the initial
subject, the researcher asks
for assistance from the
subject to help identify people
with a similar trait of
interest.
example of snowball sampling
› Obtaining subjects for a study that wants to
observe a RARE DISEASE. It is also
possible that the patients with the same
disease have a support group; being able to
observe one of the members as your initial
subject will then lead you to more subjects
for the study.
3. Purposive/judgment
sampling
› the researcher selects
units to be sampled
based on their
knowledge and
professional judgment
› you sample with a
“purpose in mind”
example OF PURPOSIVE/JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING

›COCOLIFE
staff in SM
4. Quota sampling
› gathering a representative
sample from a group
based on certain
characteristics of the
population chosen by the
researcher
› the population is divided
into specific groups
Step-by-step Quota Sampling

1. The first step is to divide the

population into exclusive subgroups.
2. Identify the proportions of these
subgroups in the population; this same
proportion will be applied in the
sampling process.
Step-by-step Quota Sampling

3. Finally, the researcher selects subjects from

the various subgroups until the desired sample
size is reached while taking into consideration
the proportions noted in the previous step.
4. The final step ensures that the sample is
representative of the entire population.
example of quota sampling
› If the population is
composed of 60%
women and 40% men,
and the sample size you
want is 200, you will
continue sampling until
you get those
percentages.
 Name the
following devices
and indicate how
you think they can
be used in
research.
 DATA
GATHERIN
G
TECHNIQU
ES
1. OBSERVATION
› a technique of gathering
data whereby you
personally watch, interact,
or communicate with the
subjects of your research.
 Types of
Observation
1. Participant Observation
› the researcher, takes part in the activities
of the individual or group being observed
› Your actual involvement enables you to
obtain firsthand knowledge about the
subjects’ behaviour and the way they
interact with one another.
2. Naturalistic Observation
› this happens when a researcher observes the
behavior of a group of people in their natural
setting.
› For example, you want to observe the behavior
of students inside a classroom without putting
any external disturbances on them then you are
using naturalistic observation.
3. Non-naturalistic Observation
› this type of observation happens when you
take your respondents out of their natural
environment and put them in an
environment of your choice.
› You observe how people behave when they
are not in their usual settings.
3. Non-naturalistic Observation
› One situation for this is taking a group of high
school students and letting them attend one or
two college classes where you must observe
their learning behaviors.
› Non-naturalistic observation is where you as a
researcher decides what is the “ideal”
environment for you to complete your research.
2. INTERVIEW
› you verbally ask the subjects
or respondents questions to
give answers to what your
research study is trying to look
for
Types of
intervie
w
1. Structured Interview
› This is an interview that requires the use of an interview
schedule or a list of questions answerable with one and
only item from a set of alternative responses.
› Choosing one answer from the given set of answers, the
respondents are barred from giving answers that reflect
their own thinking or emotions about the topic.
› You, the researcher, are completely pegged at the interview
schedule or prepared list of questions.
2. Unstructured Interview
› In this type of interview, the respondents
answer the questions based on what they
personally think and feel about it.
› There are no suggested answers.
› They purely depend on the respondents’
decision-making skills, giving them
opportunity to think critically about the
question.
3. Semi-Structured Interview
› Here, you prepare a schedule or a list of
questions that is accompanied by a list of
expressions from where the respondents can
pick out the correct answer. However, after
choosing one from the suggested answers, the
respondents answer another set of questions
to make them explain the reasons behind
their choices.
3. Semi-Structured Interview
› Allowing freedom for you to change the
questions and for the respondents to
think of their own answers, this semi-
structured interview is a flexible and an
organized type of interview. (Rubin
2012; Bernard 2013)
Approaches
of Interview
1. Individual Interview
› Only one respondent is interviewed here.
› The reason behind this one-on-one interview is
the lack of trust the interviewees have among
themselves.
› One example of this is the refusal of one
interviewee to let other interviewees get a
notion of or hear his or her responses to the
questions.
1. Individual Interview
› Hence, he or she prefers to have an
individual interview separate from the
rest.
› This is a time-consuming type of
interview because you have to interview
a group of interviewees one by one.
2. Group Interview

› In this interview approach, you ask the

question not to one person, but to a
group of people at the same time. The
group members take turns in answering
the question. This approach is often used
in the field of business, specifically in
marketing research.
2. Group Interview
› Researchers in this field, whose primary aim in
adhering to this interview approach is to know
people’s food preferences and consumer opinions;
they also call this as focus group interview.
› The chances of having some respondents getting
influenced by the other group members are one
downside of this interview approach. (Denzin
2013; Feinberd 2013)
3. Mediated Interview

› No face-to-face interview is true

for this interview approach because
this takes place through electronic
communication devices such as
telephones, mobile phones, email,
among others.
3. Mediated Interview
› Though mediated interview disregards non-
verbal communication (e.g., bodily
movements, gestures, facial expressions,
feelings, eye contact, etc.), many,
nonetheless, consider this better because of
the big number of respondents it is capable
of reaching despite the cost, distance, and
human disabilities affecting the interview.
Steps in Conducting an Interview

› Step 1: Getting to Know Each Other

› Step 2: Having an Idea of the Research
› Step 3: Starting the Interview
› Step 4: Conducting the Interview Proper
› Step 5: Putting an End to the Interview
› Step 6: Pondering Over Interview Afterthoughts
3. Questionnaire
› A questionnaire is a paper containing a list of
questions including the specific place and
space in the paper where you write the
answers to the questions.
› This prepared set of questions elicits factual or
opinionated answers from the respondent’s
through his or her acts of checking one chosen
answer from several options or of writing on a
line provided for any opinionated answer.
(Babbie 2013)
 Types of
Questionnaire
1. Closed-ended questionnaires
› this type of questionnaire is similar to a
structured interview. This is mostly used when
you want to conduct surveys on your
respondents.
› This is mostly for statistical purposes and the
questions are already prepared for your
respondents to answer. These types of
questionnaires usually have boxes for the
respondents to put a check mark.
2. Open-ended questionnaires

› unlike close-ended questionnaires,

this type of questionnaire leaves a
blank space for the respondents to
give their point of view about a
specific question.
3. Combination of both
› this type of questionnaire combines both
the close-ended and open-ended
questionnaires. For example, you may
want to ask a yes or no question to your
respondents and also want them to
explain why they have answered yes or
no.
QUIZ
 Read the following
scenarios and
identify what type of
sampling method is
being used then
explain why.
1. A research about customer
satisfaction in a specific restaurant uses
this kind of sampling technique by
giving survey questionnaires to any
customer that enters their
establishment. They take advantage of
whoever is readily available and does
not consider any criteria for choosing
them as respondents in the survey.
2. Ace is a psychology professor and
wants to conduct research about
psychosis and schizophrenia. In
order to get participants for his
study, he enlisted the help of his
previous patients which he now
considers as his close friends to be
his respondents.
3. Shiela used crowdsourcing
through facebook to look for
respondents in her study about
behavioral psychology. She
posted a status asking her friends
if they know someone that is
willing to participate in her study.
 Read the following
scenarios and try to
identify which approach
in research design is
appropriate to use
(Historical Approach,
Phenomenology, Case
Study or Ethnography),
then explain why.
4. A researcher wants to
study the farming
techniques and livelihood
of Lumads and how it is
tied to the culture of their
people.
5. A research study will be
conducted on the
experiences of several
people in the communities
that were affected by
typhoon Yolanda.
6. A researcher wants to have
an examination on the
accuracy of information in
the documents that were
found during the martial law
era.