 Please pick up a copy of the

powerpoint notes.
 Place homework in the basket.
ADP and ATP
What Is ATP?
ATP stands for:

1. Adenosine
Triphosphate
 What is ATP?

2. ATP is the energy

currency of all cells
(including plants and
animals). It supplies you
with energy.
3. ATP is a type of
nucleic acid (like DNA and
RNA).
4. ATP contains high
energy phosphate bonds
that store and release
energy.
 Where does ATP come from?
 ATP comes indirectly from the food
that we eat.
 Molecules of carbohydrates (glucose)
and lipids are broken down through
the process of cellular respiration to
produce ATP.
 An ATP Molecule is composed
of the following:
 A Nitrogenous Base – Adenine
 A Sugar – Ribose
 Three phosphate groups
Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base

3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?
 ADP-ATP Cycle
 Cells break phosphate bonds between
the last two phosphate groups in a
molecule of ATP as needed to supply
energy for most cellular functions,
when this happens a molecule of ADP
(adenosine diphosphate) and a
phosphate become available for reuse.
 ADP-ATP Cycle
When any of the phosphate bonds are
broken or formed, energy is involved.
 Energy is released each time a
phosphate is removed from the
molecule.
 Energy is stored each time a
phosphate attaches to the molecule.
 ADP-ATP Cycle
 To constantly supply the cell with
energy, the ADP is recycled, creating
more ATP which carries much more
energy than ADP.
Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle
 To supply cells with energy, a “high
energy” bond in ATP is broken. ADP
is formed and a phosphate is released
back into the cytoplasm.

ATP ADP + phosphate + energy

 Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle
 As the cell requires more energy, ADP
becomes ATP when a free phosphate
attaches to the ADP molecule. Then
energy needed to create an ATP
molecule is much less than the amount
of energy produced when the bond is
broken.

ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

 How is the bond broken?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
Assisted by the enzyme ATPase.

H2O
 How Does That Happen?

An Enzyme!
 The ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP
ATP-ase Synthetase
 How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous
process occurs.

Another Enzyme is
used!

ATP Synthase
 Mechanics & Mechanism Of
Breathing
 The action of breathing in and out is
due to changes in pressure within the
chest (thorax).
 This action is also known as external
respiration and is created by the
muscles of the chest and the diaphragm
changing the size of the chest cavity
(and air pressure).
1. When we inhale the
intercostal muscles (between the
ribs) and diaphragm contract to
expand the chest cavity.
2. The diaphragm flattens and
moves downwards and the
intercostal muscles move the rib
cage upwards and out.
3. This increase in size
decreases the internal air
pressure and so air from the
outside rushes into the lungs to
equalise the pressures.
4. When we exhale the
diaphragm and intercostal
muscles relax and return to
their resting positions. This
reduces the size of the thoracic
cavity, thereby increasing the
pressure and forcing air out of
the lungs.
 Breathing Rate
 The rate at which we inhale and exhale is controlled
by the respiratory centre, within the Medulla
Oblongata in the brain.
 Inspiration occurs due to increased firing of
inspiratory nerves and so the increased recruitment
of motor units within the intercostals and diaphragm.
 Exhalation occurs due to a sudden stop in impulses
along the inspiratory nerves.
 Our lungs are prevented from excess inspiration due
to stretch receptors within the bronchi and
bronchioles which send impulses to the Medulla
Oblongata when stimulated.
 Breathing rate is all controlled by chemoreceptors
within the main arteries which monitor the levels of
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide within the blood.
 If oxygen saturation falls, ventilation accelerates
to increase the volume of Oxygen inspired.
 If levels of Carbon Dioxide increase a substance
known as carbonic acid is released into the blood
which causes Hydrogen ions (H+) to be formed.
 An increased concentration of H+ in the blood
stimulates increased ventilation rates.
 This also occurs when lactic acid is released into
the blood following high-intensity exercise.
 Regulation of breathing
 Respiration is controlled by the autonomic nervous
system, which enables us to alter our breathing without
thinking about it.
 The autonomic nervous system consists of two
branches, the sympathetic nervous system (the pedals)
and the parasympathetic nervous system (the breaks).
 At rest, we inspire approximately 500 ml of air per
breath and on average we breathe 12-15 times per
minute.
 The volume of air we breathe in or out per breath is
known as tidal volume, the volume of air we breathe in
or out per minute is known as minute ventilation.
Minute ventilation is calculated
as follows:
 Minute ventilation = tidal volume (500 ml) x breathing rate
(15) = 7500ml/min (7.5 l/min)
 Our respiration is coordinated by the respiratory centre in
the medulla oblongata of the brain.
 The medulla oblongata could be considered “the boss” and
controls many important functions in the body.
 During inspiration (breathing in), nerve impulses are sent via
the phrenic and intercostal nerves which stimulate the
inspiratory muscles, the external intercostal and diaphragm,
causing them to contract, this stimulation lasts for
approximately two seconds, after which, the inspiratory
muscles relax and expiration occurs. Expiration is a passive
process