RENAL CLEARANCE

Table of contents
01
INTRODUCTIO
02
N

03 04
APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTIO
01 N
 RENAL CLEARNACE
• The renal clearance of a drug (CLR) is a measure of the functional ability of the
kidney to remove it from the body independent of other pharmacokinetic pro
cesses.
• It is often defined as the volume of plasma from which drug is, in effect,
completely removed per unit time by the kidney.
• Obviously this is a virtual volume, not a real volume. No single millilitre of
plasma necessarily has all of its drug removed in one transit through the kidney;
rather a fraction is re moved from each of the many millilitres of plasma
perfusing the organ.
• This amount is summed and expressed as though it were derived by completely
clearing a smaller volume of plasma of all its contained drug.
 RENAL CLEARNACE
• More simply, renal clearance may be defined in terms of the loss of drug across
the kidney, as the product of renal plasma flow (QR) and the renal extraction
ratio (ER):
CLR = QR . ER .

• These are the least used methods as it is a invasive methods

• where ER = (concentration of drug in renal arterial plasma- concentration of

drug in renal venous plasma)/concentration of drug in renal arterial plasma.

• A third definition conceives renal clearance as a proportionality constant relating

the rate of drug ex cretion at time t, (dAe/dt), to its concentration in plasma at
time t, (C),:
CLR = (d Ae/dt)
C
• Although the term 'clearance' usually refers to irreversible removal, in the
context ofthe renal route it often represents the net excretion process as some
 SIGNIFICANCE OF RENAL
•

•
CLERANCE
The measurement of renal clearance is important in probing the mechanisms of drug excretion since
it can be used to characterise any process of drug removal in the kidney.
Changes in renal clearance may have profound implications for the duration of pharmacological or
toxic effects. It is especially important to know about the renal clearance ofdrugs that are
predominantly excreted in an unchanged form in the urine when dosing patients with lowered kidney
function.
• A knowledge of whether the renal clearance of a drug can be made to become the major
component of total clearance may help in the management of overdosage.
• In drug development it might be preferable to select those compounds with relatively high renal
contributions to total clearance since inter individual variability in metabolic clearance is greater and
less predictable than variability in renal clearance.
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL
• The renal clearance i.e. the possibility of the kidney to transport a
given substance or marker is investigated.
• To estimate the renal clearance a marker is injected. For a certain
time control samples of the concentration of the marker are done.
• Then a two compartment model has to be identified with these
experimental marker concentration profiles.
• In the compartment model the extracellular space is considered to
be composed of two functionally separated spaces, a well
perfused central volume and a less perfused peripheral
compartment.
• The marker kinetics as represented by the temporal courses of
the marker amounts in the two compartments is the result of the
infusion strategy, the exchange transports be tween the two
compartments, and finally the renal elimination process (1,2,3)
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
• The model can be formulated by a set of two si multaneous differential equations describing the
rates of change of the marker amounts in the two respective compartments:

• Equations (1) and (2) can be stated verbally in the following way:
• Firstly, the rate of change of the marker amount in the central compartment, dx1/dt, is determined
by the input strategy chosen, the loss of marker from the central to the peripheral compartment, its
gain by the central from the peripheral volume, and its elimination through the renal excretion
mechanism. The renal clearance C is defined as C = k01 . V1.
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL
• Secondly, the rate of change of the marker amount in the peripheral space, dx2/dt, is due to gain
from and loss to the central pool.
• These processes are as sumed to be proportional to the marker amounts mo mentarily contained in
the respective distribution.
• Not only the amount of the injected marker D can vary but also the time of the injection τ can differ
be tween seconds an hours.
• The parameters k01, k21, k12, and V1may be given, but normally – as mentioned before- it is the
task to find those parameters by adapting the system to given concentrations c(t).
• Note, that also V1, the conatnt volume in the central compartment, is an unknown parameter.
• The following test data resulted from a test which lasted for 4 hours and should be used for
identification of the four parameters k01, k21, k12, and V1
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
 TYPES OF ADC
1. THE COUNTER TYPE ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR

2. SERVO TRACKING TYPE ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR

3. SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION TYPE ANALOG TO DIGITAL

CONVERTOR
Table of contents
01
INTRODUCTIO
02
TRACKING
N
TYPE ADC

03 04
APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION
 02
TRACKING TYPE ADC
 SERVO TRACKING ADC

• A tracking analog-to-digital converter is a type of ADC that continuously follows or tracks the
input signal's amplitude changes during the conversion process.

• A tracking ADC continuously monitors and follows changes in an analog input signal during the
conversion process.

• It employs a sample-and-hold circuit along with a comparator to compare the input signal with a
changing reference voltage.

• Known for its rapid conversion capability, making it suitable for applications requiring fast
analog-to-digital conversion, such as high-speed data acquisition.

• Offers high accuracy by closely tracking the input signal, resulting in improved resolution and
reduced errors in digitization.
Table of contents
01
INTRODUCTIO
02
TRACKING
N
TYPE ADC

03 04
APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION
 03
APPLICATIONS
 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION
• Enables quick and precise signal conversion essential for capturing dynamic changes in tissue
properties during MRI scans.

• Supports the constant tracking and conversion of varying analog signals from the MRI
machine, ensuring accurate representation of the patient's anatomy.

• Facilitates rapid signal conversion required for real-time image reconstruction, vital for
immediate diagnostic feedback.

• Helps mitigate image distortions caused by patient movement by swiftly converting and
processing analog signals into digital data.

• Contributes to sharper, clearer MRI images by providing instantaneous and accurate digital
representations of evolving analog signals from the patient.
Table of contents
01
INTRODUCTIO
02
TRACKING
N
TYPE ADC

03 04
APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION
 03
CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION
• Tracking ADCs represent a cornerstone in the realm of analog-to-digital conversion, distinguished by
their unparalleled real-time precision and high-speed responsiveness.

• Their continuous tracking capability enables swift and accurate conversion of dynamic analog signals,
proving instrumental in applications requiring instantaneous data capture and processing.

• Despite their complexity, these ADCs stand as indispensable tools in dynamic environments like medical
imaging and control systems, where rapid, on-the-fly conversions facilitate immediate decision-making
and control.

• As technology progresses, the pivotal role of tracking ADCs is poised to expand, driving innovations in
fields reliant on real-time, high-speed analog-to-digital conversion for advanced data analysis and
decision-making processes.
 List of references

● https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-13/trackin
g-adc/#:~:text=A%20third%20variation%20on%20the,the%20ou
tput%20of%20the%20comparator
● https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.geeksforgeeks.org/tracking-
type-adc/amp/
● Walden, R. H. (1999). Analog-to-digital converter survey and
analysis. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,
17(4), 539-550
● Van de Plassche, R. J. (2003). Integrated analog-to-digital and
digital-to-analog converters. Springer Science & Business Media
“Analog is more beautiful than digital,
really, but we go for comfort”

—Anton Corbijn
 A Presentation By

Vishal Babu S - 22D255

William James - 22D257
Vimal – 22D254
Vishnu R - 22D256