Exercise 7: Climbing

Exercise 7
LESSON PLAN

 Definition  Factors effecting the climb

 performance
Aim
 Wind
 How it applies to flying
 Flaps
 Principles involved
 Altitude
 Newton’s laws
 Density Altitude
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Weight
 Climb Performance  Power
 Best angle of climb
 Summary
 Best rate of climb
 Cruise climb
 DEFINITION

 Climbing is a condition of flight whereby an aircraft gains

potential energy by virtue of elevation due to the
expenditure of propulsive energy above that which is
required to maintain level flight
 AIM

 To understand the principles involved to initiate a normal

climb entry & to return to straight & level flight from a
maximum rate of climb , maximum angle climb or cruise
climb
HOW IT APPLIES TO
FLYING

 Take-off
 overshoot
 General flying
 Navigation
 Instrument flying
LESSON PLAN
 Definition  Factors effecting the climb
 Aim
performance
 Wind
 How it applies to flying
 Flaps
 Principles involved  Altitude
  Density Altitude
Newton’s laws
 Weight
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Power
 Climb Performance
 Summary
 Best angle of climb
 Best rate of climb
 Cruise climb
 Newton’s laws
 With Newton’s first law

 Body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion
unless acted upon by an external force

 Newton’s second law

 When a force is exerted on a body to change its state of rest or uniform

motion, the acceleration so produced is proportional to the applied force
and acts in the same direction and is inversely proportional to the mass
of the object
LESSON PLAN
 Definition
 Aim
 Factors effecting the climb
 How it applies to flying performance
 Principles involved  Wind
 Flaps
 Newton’s laws
 Altitude
 Force acting on the
 Density Altitude
aircraft
 Weight
 Climb Performance
 Power
 Best rate of climb

 Summary
Best angle of climb
 Cruise climb
PRINCIPLES INVOLVED

Flight path during the climb

Lift

D2 Thrust
Drag
W1
Flight path straight and level

W2
Weight
W1 = Component of weight (weight opposing lift)
W2 = Component of weight ( weight apparent drag )
D2 = is Weight apparent drag
LESSON PLAN
 Definition
 Aim  Factors effecting the climb
 How it applies to flying performance
 Principles involved  Wind
 Newton’s laws  Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft  Altitude

 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Weight
 Best angle of climb
 Power
 Best rate of climb
 Summary
 Cruise climb
 Climb Performance

 A climb will only be achieved if there is an excess of power

available over and above the required to maintain level
flight

 There are three main types of climb performance

 Best rate of climb (Vy)

 Best Angle of climb (Vx)
 Cruise climb
 Climb performance

Rate of Climb
in F/min

GS (without wind
LESSON PLAN
 Definition
 Aim  Factors effecting the climb
 How it applies to flying performance
 Principles involved  Wind
 Newton’s laws  Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft  Altitude

 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Weight
 Best angle of climb  Power
 Best rate of climb  Summary
 Cruise climb
Best angle of climb
 Best angle of climb
𝑇 −𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑊 Excess thrust

𝐸𝑇
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑊
H
O

Weight
𝜃
A
 Best angle of climb (Vx)
 The best angle of climb concerns obstacle clearance and is defined as the
maximum height gained in the minimum distance

 To achieve the Thrust Available

best angle of climb

thrust available must
be at its greatest
Thrust

 We will use the best

Thrust required
angle of climb when we
wish to clear an obstacle

V stall Vx V
LESSON PLAN
 Definition
 Aim  Factors effecting the climb
 How it applies to flying performance
 Principles involved  Wind
 Newton’s laws  Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft  Altitude

 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Weight
 Best angle of climb
 Power
 Best rate of climb  Summary
 Cruise climb
Best rate of climb
 Best Rate of climb (VY)
 Best rate of climb speed is defined as that at which an aeroplane gains the
maximum height in the minimum time

 To achieve the
maximum rate of Power Available
climb excess power
must be at its greatest
Power

 We will use the best

rate of climb when we
wish to climb as quickly Power required
as possible
(Vy) V
LESSON PLAN
 Definition
 Aim  Factors effecting the climb
 How it applies to flying performance
 Principles involved  Wind
 Newton’s laws  Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft  Altitude

 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Weight
 Best angle of climb
 Power
 Best rate of climb
 Summary
 Cruise climb
Cruise climb
 Cruise climb

 Cruise climb is essentially a compromise between both

forward speed and rate of climb

 The benefits being a reduction in flying time as well as in

engine heating as well as better visibility.
LESSON PLAN

 Definition  Factors effecting

 Aim
the climb
 How it applies to flying
performance
 Principles involved
 Wind
 Newton’s laws
 Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Altitude
 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Best angle of climb
 Weight
 Best rate of climb
 Power
 Cruise climb
 Summary
Effect of wind
NIL WIND

RoC 500’

HEADWIND

RoC 500’

TAILWIND

RoC 500’
LESSON PLAN

 Definition  Factors effecting

 Aim
the climb
 How it applies to flying
performance
 Principles involved
 Wind
 Newton’s laws
 Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Altitude
 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Best angle of climb
 Weight
 Best rate of climb
 Power
 Cruise climb
 Summary
 EFFECTS OF FLAPS

Lift

T2
D2
Thrust
Drag

W2
Weight
W2 = Component of weight
D2 = is Weight apparent drag
EFFECT OF FLAPS

Lift

Thrust
Drag

Weight
W2
LESSON PLAN

 Definition  Factors effecting

 Aim
the climb
 How it applies to flying
performance
 Principles involved
 Wind
 Newton’s laws
 Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Altitude
 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Best angle of climb
 Weight
 Best rate of climb
 Power
 Cruise climb
 Summary
 Effect of Altitude
As altitude increases power required increases and power available decreases thus
climb performance will also decrease

Power Available

Absolute ceiling
At Sea level

Service ceiling
Power
At altitude

Power required

Airspeed
LESSON PLAN

 Definition  Factors effecting

 Aim
the climb
 How it applies to flying
performance
 Principles involved
 Wind
 Newton’s laws
 Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Altitude
 Climb Performance
 Density Altitude
 Best angle of climb
 Weight
 Best rate of climb
 Power
 Cruise climb
 Summary
 Density ALTITUDE
 Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard
temperature variation

 There are three important factors that contribute to high density

altitude
 Altitude
 Temperature
 Humidity
 Density Altitude

 Altitude
 The higher the altitude the less dense the air is. Density Altitude

 Temperature
 The warmer the air the less dense the air is as well

 Humidity
 Humidity is not generally considered a major factor as
humidity effects the engine performance not the altitude so
much
LESSON PLAN

 Definition  Factors effecting

 Aim
the climb
 How it applies to flying
performance
 Principles involved
 Wind
 Newton’s laws
 Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Altitude
 Climb Performance  Density Altitude
 Best angle of climb
 Weight
 Best rate of climb
 Power
 Cruise climb
 Summary
 Effect of Weight

As weight increase
power required
increases

This gives us a smaller

difference between
power required and
power available thus
decreasing or climb rate
 EFFECT OF WEIGHT

Lift T2
D2
Thrust
Drag

W2
Weight
W2 = Component of weight
D2 = is Weight apparent drag
T2 = increase in power to over come D2
EFFECT OF WEIGHT

Lift T2 Thrust
D2
Drag

W2
Weight
W2 = Component of weight
D2 = is Weight apparent drag
T2 = increase in power to over come D2
LESSON PLAN

 Definition  Factors effecting

 Aim
the climb
 How it applies to flying
performance
 Principles involved
 Wind
 Newton’s laws
 Flaps
 Force acting on the aircraft
 Altitude
 Climb Performance  Density Altitude
 Best angle of climb  Weight
 Best rate of climb
 Power
 Cruise climb
 Summary
 Effect of Power
As we increase power we must anticipate the torque effect and apply right rudder
when climbing
 Summary
√ Principles involved
√ Climb Performance
√ Best angle of climb
√ Best rate of climb
√ Cruise climb
√ Factors effecting the climb performance
√ Wind
√ Flaps
√ Altitude
√ Weight
√ Power