INTERDISCIPLINARY

PROJECT
CLASS Led and combined by- Aditya Bansal

XF
Greatest Efforts by:-

Aaditya Singh

Aayush Kumar

Aarvi A. Gaur

Ranveer Singh

Anchal Awasthi
IDP 1
HISTORY
 INDIA during Great Depression
During the Great Depression of
the 1930s, India, like many other
countries, faced severe economic
challenges. The global economic
downturn, triggered by the 1929
stock market crash in the United
States, had a ripple effect
worldwide. India, which was then
a British colony, experienced
several socio-economic
consequences during this period
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• Agricultural Distress: The agrarian-focused Indian economy faced challenges due to a
global drop in demand for agricultural products. Falling prices, coupled with detrimental
British colonial policies, exacerbated rural indebtedness and poverty.
• Industrial Decline: Global trade contraction hit India's industrial sector, leading to
reduced demand and production cuts. Widespread unemployment and economic hardship
ensued, especially in industries like jute and textiles.
• Unemployment: The economic downturn caused widespread job losses, particularly in
the jute and textile industries, creating economic insecurity for many Indians.
• Social Unrest: Economic hardships fueled social and political unrest, intensifying
discontent with British colonial rule and economic policies. This discontent contributed
to the burgeoning movements for independence.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The repercussions of the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre
were felt during the Great Depression, adding to the resentment against British rule.
Economic difficulties in the 1930s further fueled anti-colonial sentiments.
• Formation of Nationalist Movements: The economic challenges of the Great
Depression catalyzed the Indian independence movement. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi
intensified efforts to mobilize against British rule, advocating for self-sufficiency and
non-cooperation.
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 India’s Connect with the World through Trade, Culture, and
Cuisine:

• India has a rich history of engaging with the world through trade, culture,
and cuisine. Historically, the Indian subcontinent was a key player in the
ancient Silk Road trade routes, connecting it to various civilizations.
Indian spices, textiles, and other goods were highly sought after, fostering
cultural exchanges.
• The spread of Indian cultural elements, including art and music, can be
traced through historical trade routes and cultural interactions. For
instance, Indian art forms like yoga and meditation have influenced
cultures globally. Indian cuisine, with its diverse flavors and spices, has
left a lasting impact on global culinary traditions.
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 India's Economic Condition during World War I and the Great Depression:

• During World War I, India played a significant role in providing

resources and manpower to the British Empire. The war effort led to
economic strains, and the post-war period saw socio-economic unrest
in India, culminating in events like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in
1919.

• The Great Depression (1929-1939) had a global impact, including

India. The collapse of global trade and a decline in industrial
production hit India's economy hard. Agrarian distress and
unemployment intensified, contributing to the Indian independence
movement.
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 Rebuilding of the World Economy:
• The post-war period saw efforts to rebuild the global economy. The
Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 established the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. These institutions aimed to
stabilize international currency exchange rates and provide financial
assistance for reconstruction.
• Mass production and economic cooperation became critical for rebuilding
war-torn economies. The Marshall Plan in Europe and similar initiatives
elsewhere fostered economic recovery.

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 Challenges in the Early Post-War Years:
• Challenges in the early post-war years included the reconstruction of war-
ravaged nations, geopolitical tensions, and the process of decolonization.
The creation of the Group of 77 (G-77) in 1964 aimed to address the
economic concerns of developing countries.
• Efforts were made to establish a new international economic order,
ensuring fair trade and development assistance. The Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) also emerged during this period as countries sought to
navigate Cold War geopolitics without aligning with major power blocs.

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 HISTORY SUMMARISED
• In summary, the post-World War II era
marked a transformative period in
global history, with significant shifts in
political, economic, and cultural
spheres. India's journey during this
time reflects its quest for independence,
economic development, and active
participation in the global community.

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GEOGRAPHY
 Role of Roadways And Waterways
• For movement of any kind and motion, a road is an important form of infrastructure that makes a
person move from one point to another. Whether for the transportation of people or for goods, a
road helps in completing tasks. Roads are very crucial in the contribution of economic development
and for growth as well as for social benefits. They are important for a country to grow and develop
as well as providing access to employment, social, health and education services which makes
roads crucial for fighting poverty and adversities.
• Since time immemorial, India was one of the seafaring countries. Its seamen sailed far and near,
thus, carrying and spreading Indian commerce and culture. Waterways are the cheapest means of
transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and
environment-friendly mode of transport. India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in
length. Cargo transportation in an organized manner is confined to a few waterways in Goa, West
Bengal, Assam and Kerala. Inland waterways Authority of India is the statutory authority in charge
of the waterways in India . India has a long coastline of 7,517 km forming one of the biggest
peninsulas in the world. It has 12 major and 187 Minor and Intermediate ports. Oceanic waterways
constitute an important role in the transport sector of India's economy. Ocean routes handle 95
percent of India's foreign trade by volume and about 70 percent by value.

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 Role Of Railways In National Economy
building
• Increased Efficiency: The introduction of advanced technologies such as computerized ticketing, GPS-
based train tracking, and e-commerce platforms for goods transportation has improved efficiency and
convenience for passengers and freight customers. This has led to increased demand for railway services,
boosting economic activity and generating revenue for the government.
• Bridging the Gap between Urban and Rural Areas: The Indian Railways has helped bridge the gap
between urban and rural areas by connecting remote regions to the rest of the country. This has led to the
development of new markets and industries, leading to economic growth and improved living standards in
these areas.
• Improved Cost Structure: The digitization of the sector has enabled the Indian Railways to streamline its
operations, reducing costs and increasing profitability. This has allowed for reinvestment in the sector,
further modernizing infrastructure and improving services.
• Employment Opportunities: The Indian Railways is a major employer in India, providing employment
opportunities to millions of people. The modernization and digitization of the sector is expected to create
new job opportunities in areas such as technology, engineering, and maintenance, further boosting
economic activity.
• Improved Transportation of Goods: The digitization of the Indian Railways has improved the
transportation of goods, reducing transit time, increasing reliability, and improving the overall
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competitiveness of the Indian economy in global trade.
 International Trade and Connection To World
• International trade is the exchange of capital, goods,
and services across international borders or territories because there is a need
or want of goods or services.
• In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic
product (GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history, its
economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent
centuries.
• To ease and justify the process of trade between countries of different economic
standing in the modern era, some international economic organizations were
formed, such as the World Trade Organization. These organizations work
towards the facilitation and growth of international trade. Statistical services of
intergovernmental and supranational organizations and governmental statistical
agencies publish official statistics on international trade.

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 ​

ECONOMICS
 Role of WTO in building up the economy
• The WTO operates the global system of trade rules and helps developing
countries build their trade capacity. It also provides a forum for its
members to negotiate trade agreements and to resolve the trade problems
they face with each other.
• At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk
of the world’s trading nations. Essentially contracts, these documents
provide the rules for international commerce and bind governments to
keep their trade policies within agreed limits. Their goal is to help
producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct their
business, with a view to raising standards of living, while allowing
governments to meet social and environmental objectives.
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 What are the limitations of Bretton Wood
Institutions?
• US dominance: The Bretton Woods system was heavily reliant on the US dollar,
which meant that the US had a disproportionate amount of influence in the global
monetary system. This led to concerns about the ability of other countries to control
their own monetary policies and to maintain economic independence.
• Inflation: The US was required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with the dollar,
which meant that it had to manage its monetary policy to ensure that the value of the
dollar remained stable. This led to concerns about inflation and led to the adoption of
contractionary monetary policies in the US, which could have negative impacts on the
global economy.
• Collapse: The Bretton Woods system eventually collapsed in the early 1970s,
which led to a period of economic instability and uncertainty. The collapse of the
system marked the end of the fixed exchange rate system and the beginning of the
current era of floating exchange rates.
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 Influence of Globalization on different
countries?
• Globalization has many benefits and detriment to the culture in the developing
countries. Many developing countries cultures has been changed through
globalization, and became imitate others cultures such as, America and European
countries. Before globalization it would not have been possible to know about
other countries and their cultures. Due to important tools of globalization like
television, radio, satellite and internet, it is possible today to know what is
happening in any countries such as, America, Japan and Australia. Globalization
contributed to develop the health and education systems in the developing
countries. We can clearly see that education has increased in recent years, because
globalization has a catalyst to the jobs that require higher skills set. This demand
allowed people to gain higher education. Health and education are basic
objectives to improve any nations, and there are strong relationships between
economic growth and health and education systems.
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 • Interdependencies Amplifying Tensions:
• Globalization has intensified the interdependencies among nations, amplifying tensions and
making geopolitical conflicts, like the Russian-Ukraine War, more complex.

Globalization and
• Economic Factors in Conflict:
• Economic ties and dependencies can influence the dynamics of conflicts, as seen in the case of

the Russian-Ukraine the Russian-Ukraine War, where economic interests play a significant role.
• Information Flow and Perception:

War • Globalization has facilitated rapid information flow, shaping international perceptions of
conflicts. The narrative surrounding the Russian-Ukraine War is influenced by global media
and public opinion.
• Impact on International Cooperation:
• Globalization can either encourage international cooperation in conflict resolution or
exacerbate divisions among nations based on economic interests, alliances, and geopolitical
considerations.
• Supply Chains and Strategic Resources:
• Global supply chains and the strategic importance of resources can contribute to the
complexity of conflicts, influencing the involvement of various nations in geopolitical
disputes.
 Globalization's Social Impact
Positive and negative impacts on employment and income:

• Globalization has created new job opportunities in industries like technology, finance, and services.
• However, it has also led to job displacement in traditional industries, contributing to unemployment in certain regions.

Discussion on income distribution and widening inequality:

• Globalization has contributed to income inequality, with wealth concentrated in certain sectors and among specific groups.
• The widening income gap has social and economic implications, impacting overall societal well-being.

Fluctuations in poverty rates and the need for social safety nets:

• Poverty rates have fluctuated in response to globalization, with some regions experiencing reduced poverty while others face increased
challenges.
• The importance of social safety nets, such as education and healthcare, in mitigating the negative effects of globalization on vulnerable
populations.

Balancing economic growth with social considerations:

• Policies need to strike a balance between promoting economic growth and addressing social issues.
• Examples of countries implementing successful strategies to ensure inclusive growth and social development.
 Role of MNCs in
Globalization
• Definition and significance of Multinational Corporations:
• MNCs operate in multiple countries, influencing global economic
activities and trade.
• Contributions to economic growth, job creation, and technological
advancements:
• MNCs stimulate economic growth by investing, creating jobs, and
introducing advanced technologies.
• Challenges such as resource exploitation and environmental concerns:
• Some MNCs face criticism for resource exploitation and
environmental negligence.
• The importance of a balanced regulatory framework:
• Establishing balanced regulations is crucial to ensure responsible
MNC operations, addressing labor rights, and environmental
protection.
• Case studies illustrating the impact of MNCs on local economies:
• Examples of MNCs positively contributing to local economies
through employment and innovation.
Globalization's Dual Face: Developing Nations"

Economic Growth Challenges in Income Social and Cultural

Opportunities: Inequality: Impacts:
• Globalization • Despite potential • Globalization
presents developing growth, globalization influences social
nations with can exacerbate structures and
opportunities for income inequality cultural dynamics in
economic growth within developing developing nations,
through increased nations, creating raising questions
trade, foreign direct disparities between about the
investment (FDI), urban and rural areas. preservation of
and technology cultural identity amid
transfer. global integration.
G20 SUMMIT 2023
 India's Role as President of the G-20 Summit
• India's presidency of the G-20 summit in 2023 was
significant in the world arena, particularly from a
geographical perspective. The summit, held in
New Delhi, focused on the theme "One Earth, One
Family, One Future" and addressed important
issues such as food security, climate and energy,
development, health, and digitalization
• . As the host, India aimed to promote inclusive and
resilient global growth, accelerate progress on the
United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals,
and ensure equitable global benefits from
technological innovation and digital
transformation.
• India also prioritized pandemic preparedness and
equitable healthcare access for low- and medium-
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 Outcomes and Significance
• The G-20 summit in New Delhi resulted in a consensus document despite
deep divisions over the war in Ukraine, with leaders committing to not
seizing territory by force.
• India, along with Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa, played a key role in
avoiding a fracturing of the G-20 over the Ukraine conflict, reflecting the
growing power of the Global South developing nations in the group.
• The summit also saw the establishment of a role for integrative
(traditional) medicine in global health systems, including Ayurvedic
medicine, and the announcement of a new Global Initiative on Digital
Health.

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• India's presidency of the G-20 summit provided the country with an
opportunity to showcase its credentials as a bridge between Global South
countries and the West, and to boost its standing as an influential diplomatic
and economic power
Despite geopolitical tensions and
challenges, India's leadership during
the summit demonstrated its
commitment to addressing global
issues and promoting cooperation
among diverse nations. Overall, India's
role as the president of the G-20
summit in 2023 was significant in
shaping global discussions on crucial
issues, reflecting the increasing
influence of the Global South in
international forums, and showcasing
India's position as a mediator between Credits-https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000768.html[2]
different regions of the world. https://www.cfr.org/blog/what-expect-indias-g20-summit[4]
https://www.reuters.com/world/key-takeaways-2023-g20-summit-new-d
elhi-2023-09-10/
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 THANK YOU!
We appreciate your time and attention. Thank you
for your valuable insights. Feel free to reach out
with any questions.

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