TINSUKIA COLLEGE

KACHUJAN ROAD
SESSION ; 2022-23
TOPIC= ELECTRONEGATIVITY SCALES
PREPARED BY
(STUDENTS OF BSC FIRST SEMESTER)

TAHSIN HUSSAIN PAYAL SINGHA

ROLL NO: 09 ROLL NO : 11
 CONTENT

1 ELECTRONEGATIVITY SCALES
ELECTRONEGATIVITY

2 INVESTIGATOR’S APPROACH

* PAULING’S SCALE

* MULLIKEN’ SCALE

* ALLRED AND RACHOW’S SCALE

3 FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRONEGATIVITY

 Electronegativity scale?
Electronegativity scales are the electronegativity
values of different elements.
These values are used by the chemist to describe the
numerous chemical features such as chemical
mechanism, bond polarity . Band gap , atomic
hardness etc.

Electronegativity
The term electronegativity has been defined by
different investigators and each of them has
suggested a method of his own to calculate
electronegativities of different elements.
1.Pauling’s approach
Pauling define electronegativity of an atom as the
tendency of the atom to attract electrons to itself when
combined in a compound.
 He used thermodynamic data to calculate
electronegativities of different elements.
Pauling considered a reaction -
½ (A-A) + ½ (B-B) = A-B

Bond dissociation energy of A- B higher than mean of the

bond dissociation energies of A-A and B-B
Wave function can be written as-

ΦAB = ΨA + constantΨB
If constant > 1 :-Molecular orbital is concentrated on B. and therefore acquires a
partial negative charge

If constant< 1 :-Molecular orbital is concentrated on A. and which therefore

acquires a partial negative charge

Due to this partial ionic character A-B bond is stronger

Calculation for Δ :-

ΔAB=Actual bond energy – energy for 100% covalent bond

Δ(delta)=Extra bond energy
ΔAB = EAB + √E * E A-A B-B
EA-A = Bond dissociation energy of A-A bond
EB-B = Bond dissociation energy of B-B bond
EA-B = Bond dissociation energy of A-B bond
Pauling ‘ s electronegativity equation is :-
χ ­χ = 0.208√Δ
A B AB χ ­χ = 0.1017√Δ
A B AB

Δ is in Kcal/mol Δ is in KJ/mol

He takes χH as origin i.e χH = 2.05

He introduced the idea that ionic character of a bond varies with the
difference in electronegativity

Pauling’ s Values
Group 1 Group2 Group13 Group14 Group15 Group16 Group17

H 2.1
Li 1.0 Be 1.5 B 2.0 C N 3.0 O F 4.0
2.5 3.5
Na 0.9 Mg 1.3 Al 1.6 Si 1.9 P 2.2 S 2.6 Cl 3.1

2.2 2.9
K 0.8 Ca 1.0 Ga 1.8 Ge 2.0 As Se 2.5 Br
1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1
Rb 0.8 Sr 1.0 In Sn Sb Te I 2.6
1.6 1.8 2.0
2.0 2.2
Cs 0.7 Ba 0.9 Tl Pb Bi Po At
 2.Mulliken’s approach
Mulliken suggessted that the average of ionization energy (IE)
and electron affinity(EA) of an atom should be a measure of
the electronegativity (χ)of the atom

IE + EA
χ=
2
IE and EA values are measured in eV

The electronegativity values were about 2.8 times larger than

Pauling ‘ s values
Modification in Mulliken’s electronegativity equation:-

IE + EA
χ=
2*2.8*96.48 IE and EA values are
measured in KJ/mol
IE + EA
χ= 540
This equation helps to achieve commonly accepted Pauling ‘s
values
3. Allred and Rachow’s approach
Allred and Rachow define electronegativity as the electrostatic
force of attraction exerted by the nucleus of an atom on the
valence electron at a distance equal to covalent radius.

e² * Zeff F = Electrostatic force

F= Zeff = Effective nuclear charge
r² r = covalent radius
e = charge on electron

Allred and Rachow’s electronegativity equation is:-

0.359 Z eff
χ = 0.744 +
r²
THANK YOU