Subject Code: CSE3082

Course: Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Semester : V
Course Credit Structure:3-0-3
LSK
Text Book: Ali Bahrami , “Object Oriented Systems Development
using the Unified Modeling Language”, McGraw Hill
International Edition, July 2017.

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MODULE 1: Introduction to Object oriented system
•Object Basics- Text Book: Ali Bahrami

•Object Oriented System Development Life Cycle-

•Use case driven approach-
•Rumbaugh Object Model-
•Booch Methodology-
•Jacobson Methodology-
•Unified Approach, Static and Dynamic Modeling-
•Unified Modeling Language

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 Objects
• It is a real-world entity that has properties and methods.
• E.g., Car.
• An object may have a physical existence, like a customer, a car, etc.; or an intangible
conceptual existence, like a project, a process, etc.
• Properties (or Attributes): It describes the state (or data) of an object.
• E.g., Color, manufacturer, cost, model and owner etc.
• State that determines the characteristic properties of an object as well as the
values of the properties that the object holds.

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 Objects
⚫ Real-world objects have states and behaviors
● Dogs' states: name, color, breed, hungry
● Dogs' behaviors: barking fetching
● Bicycle ‘s State :
● Bicycle’ s behavior :
⚫ Other examples of objects are:
⚫ you – a student object
⚫ this room – a room object
⚫ this university
⚫ your car, etc.

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 Encapsulation and Information Hiding

Encapsulation:
•Encapsulation is the process of binding both attributes and methods together within a class.
•Through encapsulation, the internal details of a class can be hidden from outside.
•It permits the elements of the class to be accessed from outside only through the interface
provided by the class.
Information Hiding / Data Hiding:
•Typically, a class is designed such that its data (attributes) can be accessed only by its class
methods and insulated from direct outside access.
•This process of insulating an object’s data is called data hiding or information hiding.

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 What is Object-Orientation?
- What is Object?

• An "object" is anything to which a concept applies, in our awareness

• Things drawn from the problem domain or solution space.
• E.g., a living person in the problem domain, a software component in the solution space .

 A structure that has identity and properties and behavior

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What is Object-Orientation

Class Car
<<instanceOf>>

Attributes
 Model
 Location
<<instanceOf>>  #Wheels = 4

Operations
 Start
<<instanceOf>>  Accelerate

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Attributes (Con’t)

I am a Car.
I know my color,
manufacturer, cost, owner
and model.

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 Methods (Con’t)
• It defines its operations (or behavior) I know how
to stop.
• E.g., Go, stop, turn left, turn right and etc.
…

Object-Oriented Systems Development

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 Class
• Objects are grouped into classes
• Classes are used to distinguish one type of objects from another
• A class is a set of objects that share a common structure and a
common behavior
• Each object is an instance of a class,
• A class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the
blueprint/ plan/ template that describe the details of an object.
• A class is the blueprint from which the individual objects are
created.
• A class is a specification of,
• 1. Structure (instance variable)
• 2. Behaviour (methods)
• 3. Inheritance for objects

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 Classes – Example

Class

Account
+Owner: Person Attributes
+Amount: double
+suspend()
+deposit(sum:double)
+withdraw(sum:double) Operations

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 Classes and Objects – Example
Sam Account

Class +Owner=“ABC" Object 1

+Amount=5000.0

Account
John Account
+Owner: Person
+Owner=“XYZ"
+Amount: double
+Amount=1825.33
Object 2
+suspend()
+deposit(sum:double)
Abdul Account
+withdraw(sum:double)

+Owner=“CSE”
Object n
+Amount=2500

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Possible Objects for this Problem Domain

Customer

Order

Product

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 Object Interactions and Messages
• Objects interact with other objects in a variety of relationships
• e.g. one-to-one, one-to-many

• Messages
• The means by which objects interact
• Example:
• User initiates interaction via messages to GUI objects
• GUI objects interact with problem domain objects via messages
• Problem domain objects interact with each other and GUI objects via messages
• GUI objects respond to user via messages

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 Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Inheritance is the mechanism that permits new classes to be created out of existing classes by extending
and refining its capabilities.

• The existing classes are called the base classes/parent classes/super-classes, and the new classes are
called the derived classes/child classes/subclasses.

• The subclass can inherit or derive the attributes and methods of the super-class(es) provided that the
super-class allows so.

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 Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Besides, the subclass may add its own attributes and methods and may modify any of the super-class methods.
Inheritance defines an “is – a” relationship.

Example

• From a class Mammal, a number of classes can be derived such as Human, Cat, Dog, Cow, etc. Humans, cats, dogs,
and cows all have the distinct characteristics of mammals. In addition, each has its own particular characteristics.

• It can be said that a cow “is – a” mammal

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 Types of Inheritance
• Single Inheritance − A subclass derives from a single super-class.

• Multiple Inheritance − A subclass derives from more than one super-classes.

• Multilevel Inheritance − A subclass derives from a super-class which in turn is derived from another class and so on.

• Hierarchical Inheritance − A class has a number of subclasses each of which may have subsequent subclasses, continuing
for a number of levels, so as to form a tree structure.

• Hybrid Inheritance − A combination of multiple and multilevel inheritance so as to form a lattice structure.

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 Polymorphism
• Polymorphism is originally a Greek word that means the ability to take multiple
forms.
• In object-oriented paradigm, polymorphism implies using operations in different
ways, depending upon the instance they are operating upon.
• Polymorphism allows objects with different internal structures to have a common
external interface. Polymorphism is particularly effective while implementing
inheritance.

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• Polymorphism
• literally means “many forms”
• in Java means using the same message (or method name) with different classes
• different objects can respond in their own way to the same message
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 Static vs Dynamic Binding

• Static Binding: The binding which can be resolved at compile time by compiler is known
as static or early binding. Binding of all the static, private and final methods is done
at compile-time .

• Dynamic Binding: In Dynamic binding compiler doesn’t decide the method to be called.
Overriding is a perfect example of dynamic binding. In overriding both parent and child
classes have same method .

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Overloading occurs when two or more methods in one class have the same method name but
different parameters.

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Overriding means having two methods with the same method name and parameters (i.e.,
method signature). One of the methods is in the parent class and the other is in the child class.

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 Association
• Association is a group of links having common structure and common
behavior. Association depicts the relationship between objects of one or more
classes. A link can be defined as an instance of an association.
Degree of an Association
• Degree of an association denotes the number of classes involved in a
connection. Degree may be unary, binary, or ternary.
• A unary relationship connects objects of the same class.
• A binary relationship connects objects of two classes.
• A ternary relationship connects objects of three or more classes.

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 Cardinality Ratios of Associations
• Cardinality of a binary association denotes the number of instances participating in an association. There are three types of
cardinality ratios, namely −

• One–to–One − A single object of class A is associated with a single object of class B.

• One–to–Many − A single object of class A is associated with many objects of class B.

• Many–to–Many − An object of class A may be associated with many objects of class B and conversely an object of class B may be
associated with many objects of class A.

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 Aggregation or Composition
• Aggregation or composition is a relationship among classes by which a class can be
made up of any combination of objects of other classes.

• It allows objects to be placed directly within the body of other classes.

• Aggregation is referred as a “part–of” or “has–a” relationship, with the ability to

navigate from the whole to its parts. An aggregate object is an object that is
composed of one or more other objects.

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 Aggregation or Composition
Example

•In the relationship, “a car has–a motor”, car is the whole object or the aggregate, and the motor
is a “part–of” the car. Aggregation may denote −

•Physical containment − Example, a computer is composed of monitor, CPU, mouse, keyboard,

and so on.

•Conceptual containment − Example, shareholder has–a share.

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Aggregation or Composition 40
Meta-Classes

• A Class is also an object, and just like any other object it’s a instance of something
called Metaclass.
• A special class type creates these Class object.
• The type class is default metaclass which is responsible for making classes.

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Sample Questions topic wise
1. A Car Company to launch a new car to the market, An Booking-entry
system that takes Booking from customers for a variety models? What are
the objects in this problem domain?
2. A Mobile Company to launch a mobile to the market, An Booking-entry
system that takes Booking from customers for a variety models? What are
the objects in this problem domain?

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 Sample Questions
1. Define Object-and explain its significance in software development.
2. What is an object? Provide an example to illustrate the concept.
3. Explain the concept of a class ?. How does it relate to objects?
4. Describe the principle of encapsulation ?. Why is encapsulation important in software design?
5. What is inheritance ? Provide an example of how inheritance can be used to model a real-world scenario.
6. Define the term "polymorphism" ?. How does it contribute to designing flexible and extensible systems?
7.Explain the difference between an instance variable and a class variable. Provide examples to illustrate both
concepts.
8. Discuss the concept of association. Provide examples of different types of associations with explanations.
9. What is aggregation ? Provide a scenario where aggregation is more appropriate than inheritance.

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