REVISION OF ELEMNT ONE

QUSTION AND ANSWER

Assess and identify clients

condition

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

 GROUP LIST
• GROUP 1(QUETSION 1-5) GROUP 3(QUETSION 11-15)
• KABA
• ABAYENESH
• ABERA
• ASTER
• MIHRET
• BIFTU • SHANTAME
• KASECH
•GROUP 4(QUETSION 16-20)
• GROUP 2(QUETSION 6-10) • WABI
• FIRHIWOT • LULE
• GENET • ASMERE
• HERAN • SIFEN
• SHITAE • OGETII

• MATCHING WILL BE DONE BY ALL GROUP

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

DISCUSS ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS IN GROUP
1.What is fist aid?
2.Why do we provide first aid ?
3.what are assessment components ?
4. What will be assessed during initial
assessment?

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

5. LIST LEVEL OF consciousness AND THIER MEANING
6. HOW DO WE CHECK LEVEL consciousness?
7. WHAT DOES ABC OF LIFE STAND FOR?
8. HOW DO WE ASSES AIRWAY AND WHAT ARE TWO METHOD
OF OPENNING AN AIRWAY?
9. HOW DO WE ASSES BREATHING ?
10. HOW DO WE ASSES Circulation?
11. WHAT ARE 4 PART OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND WHICH
ARETHE TWO MOST IMPORTANT IN 1ST AID
12. WHAT DO WE LOOK FOR IN PHYSICAL EXAMINATION?(HINT
DOTS)
13. WHAT ARE VITAL SIGN AND COMPONENT OF VITAL SIGN?
06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL
14. WHAT IS CAPILARY REFIL TIME ?AND HOW DO WE CHECK IT ?
15. IS EARLY SIGN OF SHOCK
16. WHAT are ABNORMAL PUPILARY REFLEX?
17. IS the process of obtaining data from
the patient by interviewing .
18. WHAT ARE COMPONENT OF ONGOING ASSESEMENT?
19. WHAT ARE 1ST AID KITS AND LIST 5 IMPORTANT MATERIALS?
20. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS OF DISASTER PLAN?

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL
 COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Full consciousness A. Alert and awake
2. Drowsiness B. Response to
3. Stupor verbal stimulus
4. Coma C. Responsive to pain
D. Unresponsive

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

 ANSWER
• First aid -is the initial assistance or support or treatment given to
an injured or accidentally ill person using whatever materials or
equipment available at the time before he / she reaches to a
health facility .
• PURPOSE OF 1ST AID:
1. Preserve life (Lubbuu kunuunsuu)
2. Prevent deterioration:(Hammachuu ittisuu)
3. Promote recovery:(Fayyummaa ni jajjabeessaa)

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

Components of assessment process:
1. Assessment of the situation and safety / scene size up/
2. Initial assessment
3. Physical examination
4. Vital sign
5. Focused History taking
6. Ongoing assessment

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

 1.2.2 Initial assessment
• After observation of the situation and the surroundings, the first aired can
proceeds to initial assessment
• Comprising
A. General impression
B. Assessment of responsiveness
C. Assessment of Air way, Breathing and Circulation (A,B C).

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

 B.Assessment of responsiveness
• Checking if the casualty is Alert, responding to Verbal stimuli,
responding to pain stimuli or Unresponsive.
• level of responsiveness / consciousness can be expressed as:
1. Full consciousness – able to speak & answer questions normally
2. Drowsiness- Easley aroused (awoken) but lapses in to unconsciousness
3. Stupor – Can be aroused with difficulty and is aware of painful stimuli Ex- pin
prick
4. Coma – Cannot be aroused by any stimuli

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

1.2.4.5 Level of consciousness (LOC)
• Level of consciousness (LOC) should also be assessed as a vital sign.
• AVPU scale is a rapid method of assessing LOC. (See the previous session
for detail)
• A = Alert and awake
• V = Response to verbal stimulus
• P = Responsive to pain
• U = Unresponsive

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

Use AVPU scale to assess consciousness
• A. Alert: Patient is fully awake (though not necessarily orientated), will
have spontaneously open eyes.
• B. Voice: The patient makes some sort of response when you talk to them.
This could be through the eyes, which open when you speak to them, or by
voice which may only be as little as a grunt.
• C. Pain: A patient may respond by using any of the three components
when pain stimulus is used on them (Eyes, Voice, Movement). Recognized
methods for causing pain are pinching the ear or pressing into the bed of a
fingernail
• D. Unresponsive: This outcome is noted if the patient does not give any
Eye, Voice or Motor response to voice or pain

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

 C.Assessment of Air way
• Assessment of Air way
open the air way, inspect the air way, clear the air way as needed

open airway by performing

Open airway; perform jaw
head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver
thrust
06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL
 D. Assessment of Breathing
• Assess by LLF( look, listen & Feel )for presence of
ventilation

• LOOK:IF Chest is moving up and down³. This

can indicate if the person is breathing³
• LISTEN AND FEEL Place your ear directly above the
person’s mouth while looking down at their body. Listen
for sounds of breathing and see if you can feel their
Assess breathing; look,
breath on your cheek² listen,feel

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

E.Assess the Patient’s Circulation
• Assess Pulse , Assess for Bleeding and Assess Skin,Blood pressure
• PULSE:: You can check the patient's pulse to assess the rate and rhythm of
their heartbeat. The pulse can be checked at various points on the body, but
the most common sites are the wrist (radial artery) and the neck (carotid
artery)

checking for radial pulse

Check for a carotid pulse

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

 Physical examination
• Is assessing the whole body part of the causality to identify the
location of body part that is injured.
• Have 4 parts
1. Inspection:Visual examination of your body for any signs or abnormalities.
2. Palpation:Feeling with the hands to assess structures like organs,muscles,and
bones.
3. Percussion: Tapping with the fingers to evaluate the density of underlying
tissues.
4. Auscultation: Listening to sounds produced by internal organs (e.g., using a
stethoscope to listen to heart or lung sounds).

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

Focused physical examination
• Is targeted assessment of specific body systems or regions.
• Unlike a comprehensive head-to-toe exam, which covers the entire
body, the focused exam hones in on the area directly related to the
patient’s medical issue.
• The First Res ponder should Inspection and palpation /feeling of
body parts/ are the two important methods of physical examination
in first aid practice.

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

cont...
• Inspect and palpate for DOTS
1. Deformity 2. Open wound,

3.Tenderness(refers to the sensitivity or pain experienced when pressure is applied

to a specific area of the body.
2. Swelling.

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

VITAL SIGN
• Vital sign is an outward signs of what is occurring inside the body.
• They are the key signs that are used to evaluate the patient‘s condition.
• The first set of vital signs that you obtain is called the baseline vital sign.
• You should take vital sign every 5 minutes for unstable patient and every
15 minutes for stable patient.

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

component of vital sign
• Respiratory Rate
• Temperature
• Pulse rate
• Blood pressure
• oxygen saturation

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

1.2.4.3 Capillary refill.
• Capillary refill is evaluated to assess the ability of the circulatory system to
restore blood to the capillary system.
• It is performed by applying pressure to a finger or toe.
• Capillary refill should be prompt and the nail bed color should be pink,
with adequate perfusion, the color in the nail bed should be restored to its
normal pink within 2 second. or about the time it takes to say capillary
refill‖ at a normal rate of speech.

Checking capillary refill

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

Capillary refill assessment/procedure/
• The following steps have to be followed when doing the test:
• Step1. Remove finger rings and nail polish.
• Step2. The therapist compresses the nail bed until it turns
white and records the time taken for the color to return to
the nail bed.
• Step3. It normally takes 3 seconds or less. When it takes
longer, arterial insufficiency is suspected.
• Step4. Always compare to the normal side of the hand or
fingers.

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

Interpretation of Results
1. Normal Results: The CRT is largely recommended in the routine of
unwell patients and should last less < 2 seconds. If the color is pink
after there is no more pressure; it indicates a good blood flow to the
finger.
2. Abnormal Results: A CRT> 2 seconds or prolonged CRT is suggestive of
an early sign of shock. Several other factors can affect the CRT
measurement and therefore its results. They may include: Peripheral
vascular disease, Hypothermia, Cold ambient temperature, Poor
lighting, Old age and Pressure application.

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

CONT...
• On injury if the pupil reacts in any of the following ways its abnormal or
shows depressed brain function :
Become fixed with no reaction to light
Dilate with light and constrict when light is removed
React sluggishly
 Become unequal in size

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

CONT....
• The letter PEARRL serves as a useful guide in assessing pupil. They stand
for the following:
• P = Pupils E = Equal A = And R = Round R = Regular in size L = react

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

History taking
• its The process of obtaining data from the patient by interviewing .
• For medical patients the history may be completed prior to the physical
examination.
• History of the casualty can be taken from the casualty himself or
herself.
• If the casualty could not respond or he/she is not conscious, history can
be taken from a witness or bystander,primary care giver or evidence at
sight

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

1.2.6 Ongoing assessment
while awaiting the additional EMS /Emergency Medical Service/ resources,
the First Res-ponder should continue to assess the patient.
1. Repeat Initial Assessment
2. Repeat Exam as needed
3. Check Interventions
4. Calm and Reassure
5. Hand Off Report
• Note: Repeat every 15 minutes for a stable Patient and repeat every 5
minutes for an unstable patients.

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

First aid kit/supplies
• A first aid kit or medical kitis a collection of supplies and equipment used to
give immediate medical treatment, primarily to treat injuries and other mild
or moderate medical conditions
• First aid kits should be
portable and be made of material that will protect the contents from dust,
moisture and contamination
 clearly marked in the workplace,
 sufficient indication of the kit's location for those who are unfamiliar
 Kept well-stocked; supplies do expire, and must be replaced periodically.
Inspected regularly for proper storage and distribution

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL
Elements in the Disaster Plan:
• Step 1: Leadership
• Step 2: Building Networks
• Step 3: Know Your Risks
• Step 4: Manage Your Risks
• Step 5: Preparing Others
• Step 6: Learning and improving

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL

06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL
 O U
K Y
A N
T H
06/02/2024 PREPARED BY DR FIRAOL