Basics of HVAC

Tech Systems
You will be able to explain ….
• What is HVAC?
• What are HVAC Process?
• What are major components in HVAC?
• Difference between Central and Local System?
• Main types of Central System?
• Single Duct-single Zone System?
• Explantion of Local System?
Introduction

Heating, Ventilation and Air

Conditioning(HVAC)
are critical for maintaining
a productive and
comfortable environment.
You will be able to explain ….
• What is HVAC?
• What are HVAC Process?
• What are major components in HVAC?
• Difference between Central and Local System?
• Main types of Central System?
• Single Duct-single Zone System?
• Explantion of Local System?
 Hospitals Factories

Temperature Humidity Air Quality

HVAC Process
Heating Process of adding thermal energy to the conditioned space.

Cooling Purpose: To raise the temperature of the space.

Humidification
Dehumidification
Cleaning
Ventilation
Air Movement
HVAC Process
Heating Process of removing thermal energy from the space.

Cooling Purpose: To lower the temperature of the space.

Humidification
Dehumidification
Cleaning
Ventilation
Air Movement
HVAC Process
Heating Process of adding water vapor in the air in the conditioned space.

Cooling Purpose: To raise or maintain the water content in the air

Humidification
Dehumidification
Cleaning
Ventilation
Air Movement
HVAC Process
Heating Process of removing water vapor from the air in the conditioned space.

Cooling Purpose: To lower or maintain the water content in the air

Humidification
Dehumidification
Cleaning
Ventilation
Air Movement
HVAC Process
Heating Process of removing particles and biological contaminants from
Cooling the air delivered to the conditioned space.

Humidification Purpose: To improve or maintain air quality.

Dehumidification
Cleaning
Ventilation
Air Movement
HVAC Process
Heating Processs exchanging air between outdoor and the conditioned space.

Cooling Purpose: To dilute the gaseous contaminants and maintain or improve air quality

Humidification
Dehumidification
Cleaning
Ventilation
Air Movement
HVAC Process
Heating Process of circulating and mixing air through the conditioned space.

Cooling Purpose: To achieve proper ventilation and facilitate the thermal energy transfer.

Humidification
Dehumidification
Cleaning
Ventilation
Air Movement
HVAC Process Requirement
The reuirements and importance of each of the seven HVAC processes
varies depending on the climate and time of year
HVAC Components
Source Source components provide primary heating or cooling effects such as:

Components
Distribution
Components
Delivery
Components
Control Direct expansion coil for cooling the air.

Components
HVAC Components
Source
Components
Distribution
Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components Chilliers for making cold water.
HVAC Components
Source
Components
Distribution
Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components Boiler for making hot water.
HVAC Components
Source
Components
Distribution
Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components Cooling towerto help reject heat from facility to the outdoor..
HVAC Components
Source Disribution components transfer heating and cooling from the source to
Components the conditioned space.

Distribution Pumps, pipes, coils and valves for distributing cold or hot water or steam

Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components
HVAC Components
Source Fans,ducts and damper for distributing cool or warm air.

Components
Distribution
Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components
HVAC Components
Sourc Delivery components introduces cooling or heating effect into the conditioned space.

Components
Distribution
Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components Diffusers Baseboard Radiator
HVAC Components
Source
Components
Distribution
Components
Delivery
Components
Control Fan Coil Units

Components and outher terminal devices.

HVAC Components
Source Control components regulate the operation of equipment and systems.

Components
Distribution Input devices such as sensors and pushbuttons

Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components
HVAC Components
Source Control components regulate the operation of equipment and system.

Components
Distribution Controlled devices as such as valve and damper actators

Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components
HVAC Components
Source Control components regulate the operation of equipment and system.

Components
Distribution Controllers

Components
Delivery
Components
Control
Components
Classification of HVAC
 Central Systems.
 Local Systems.
Classification of HVAC
What is a Zone?
A space or area of building which is expected to
Have same thermal load and thermal
Requirement.

A smail apartement or an office may be considered

As single zone.
While a large building may be divided into
Multiple zones based on the thermal load
Requirements.
Central System
 A central system may serve one or more zones and major HVAC components are
placed on locations which are outside the serving zones such as:
 Machine Rooms
 Roof Top
 Or some other nearby building.

 Distribution components like ducts, pipes and diffuser

are spread all over the building to distributing heating or cooling.
Local System
 In local system components are packaged into a single enclousure and
are placed in the same zone they are serving.
 Local system are usually used in small buildings which have
single zone such as apatements & small buildings.

Example:
 An air conditioner to cool a bed room
 An electric heater inside a room
 A packged unit to serve a small office building.
Central Vs Local System
Central System
Serves a widespread area or multiple zones
Euipment located outside the zone on a
central place.
Noisy equipment can be acoustically
separated.
Condesation removal piping not required.
Local or Unitary System
Serve a particular area or zone
Equipment located inside the served
Zone.
Requires in room condensate piping and
power cabling.
Central System Categories:
 All Air System.
 Used only air medium for thermal energy transfer throughout the system.

 All Water System.

 Used only water as medium for thermal energy transfer throughout the system. Cold or
hot water is supplied directly to the conditioned spaces e.g. floor radiators, unit heater,
fan coil units.

 Air-Water System.
 Used combination of both air and water for thermal energy transfer.
All Air System:
 For Cooling.
 Used only cold air supply.
 No refrigation source inside the zone.
 No chilled water supply inside the zone.

 For Heating.
 Heating may be achieved by same air stream with heat souce in the central
equipment.
 Heating source in a terminal device serving a zone such as Reheat terminal units.
Duct Configurations
in terms of duct configuration, all air systems can divided as follow.

 Single Duct System.

Uses only single supply duct for supplying cold or hot air into the conditionedspace.

 Dual Duct System.

Uses two supply ducts: one for supplying cold air and other for supplying hot air. These cold and hot air may
be mixed together at terminal unit inside the served zone to achieverequired temperature.
Single Duct-Single Zone System

Outside Air enters the system preferably through a louver that prevents entering rain into the
system.
Local System
• Local system use packaged units which contain all the components in one casing and are placed in
the zone they are serving
• Package unit contain filter, compressor,heaters,condenser,evaporator,supply fan all packaged in
one unit.
• Local Systems are preferably used for small buildings which have single zone e.g. small house or
apartment. Large building may also be divided into several zones and thenlocal system can be
used inside these zones.
• It needs a single-point control i.e. a singlethermostat to control the HVAC
equipment.EPURCKLNSAT
Local system
Following may be used for air-conditioning in a Local System:
• Window AC Unit

• Contain compressor, evaporator, condenser, filter and supplyfan all in single casing.

• Mounted inside wall or window opening without anyductwork required.

• Used to serve a small single zone with same thermal requirements.

Local System
Following may be used for air-conditioning in a local system:

 Package Roof Top Unit

• Package unit with compressor, evaporator,condenser, filter and supply fan all in single casing.
• It is connected to a supply duct to serve a large size zone.
Local System
Following may be used for air-conditioning in a Local System:

 Split System
• Split system contain 2 central devices:
 Condensor located outdoor
 Evaporator located indoor.
• Two units are connected by conduit for refrigerant and power lines.
• It solves some issues of small-scale single-zone system since the location
and installation of window, unitary or rooftop air conditioners may affect
the esthetic value and architectural design of the building
Local System
Following may be used for air-conditioning in a Local System:

• Split System

• The split system can contain one condesor unit and connected
to multiple evaporator units to serve multiple zones as possible under
same conditions or different environmental conditions.
Input devices
(Sensor)
in BMS
You will be able to….
• Describle different categories of sensor and their purpose
in BMS?
• List types of devices within each sensor category?
• Identify common problems with placement of sensors?
Introduction
Control System consist of:

Input Controller Controlled

Devices Devices
Introduction
Must measure what we wish to control.

Need to have a way to make measurements

accurately and repeatedly.
Introduction
Measure data that controller uses to make
decisions based on the programmed logic
First step of control.
Sensor-Communication
How does signal get from sensor to the controller?
Sensor Types
 Active Sensor
it is sensing device which requires an external power source.

 Passive Sensor
it is sensing device which doesn”t requires an external power source.
Temperature Sensors
 Thermistors

 Temperature Transmitters
Temperature Sensors
Thermistors
Variable Resistance as function of temperature
Inexpensive
Adequate resolution for commercial application
and are not good for critical application
which need high resolution.
Temperature Sensor
Thermistors Temperature transmitter
Variable Resistance as function of temperature Converts the temperature reading into a
Inexpensive variable DC voltage or current signal
and
Adequate resolution for commercial application they require a power source.
and are not good for critical application Expensive
which need high resolution. Have excellent rsolution and accuracy
and are suitable for critical application.
Temperature Sensor
 Outside Air Temperature
 Occupled Space Temperature
 Various Temperatures within mechanical
Equipment.
Outside Temperature Sensors
For commercial applications,
they are mostly thermistors.
Outside Temperature Sensors
Protective Guard to Protect from
the climate.
Outside Temperature Sensors
If ice is formed on the temperature sensor it will not read any value
Highter than 0 degree C.
Outside Temperature Sensors
Placement & location of the sensor
Is very important.
Outside Temperature Sensors
Placement & location of the sensor
Is very important.
Room/Zone Temperature Sensors

Used to measure temperature of

Conditioned space.
Room/Zone Temperature Sensors
It shall not confused with a thermostat.
 Thermostat is more than a sensor.
 Thermostat is actually a controller which is used to control HVAC
equipment and it also contain a temperature sensor.

Room Temperature Sensor Thermostat

Room/Zone Temperature Sensors
Additional features can also be built into temperature sensors:

 Temperature Setpoint Dial Setpoint Dial

 Override button
Room/Zone Temperature Sensors
Additional features can also be built into temperature sensors:

 Temperature Setpoint Dial Setpoint Dial

 Override button. Override Button

Room/Zone Temperature Sensors
Installation location is very important to get true reading.
Room/Zone Temperature Sensors
Do not install temperature senor near supply vent or near any equipment.
Do not install temperature sensor right by an outside door.
Observe any heating and cooling impacts to the room.
Place the sensor where it is likely to get the truest reading.
Equipment Temperature Sensors
 Strap on or bulb sensor
Used to find temperature of metal pipes that would be close to the fluid

 Immersion sensor
Used to find the actual temperature of the fluid inside the pipes.

 Duct sensor
Used to find air temperature inside the ducts.
Equipment Temperature Sensors
Equipment Temperature Sensors
Equipment Temperature Sensors
Equipment Temperature Sensors
Equipment Temperature Sensors
Equipment Temperature Sensors