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02-Fundamental Concepts of Signals and Systems-II
02-Fundamental Concepts of Signals and Systems-II
Chapter One
Classifications of Signals
Fundamental Concepts of Signals and Systems
Outline
Introduction
Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals
Basic Operations on Signals
Basic Continuous and Discrete-time Signals
Classification of Signals
Representation of Systems
Classification of Systems
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Classification of Signals
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Classification of Signals……
xe (t ) xo (t )
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Classification of Signals……
1
xe (t ) x(t ) x(t )
2
and
1
xo (t ) x(t ) x(t )
2
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Classification of Signals……
x e ( n) x o ( n)
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Classification of Signals……
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Classification of Systems……
Exercise:
Exercise:
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Classification of Signals……
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Classification of Signals……
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Classification of Signals……
2
N m
0
Exercise:
12 4
3n
b. x(n) cos e. x(n) 2 n u (n)
10
c. x(n) cos(0.5n) f . x(t ) e j (3n )
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Classification of Signals……
T1 m
T2 n
T nT1 mT2
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Classification of Signals……
Exercise:
n n
d . x(n) cos cos
12 18
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Classification of Signals……
iv. Energy and Power Signals
The normalized energy E of a continuous-time signal x(t) is
defined as:
2
E x(t ) dt
1 T /2 2
P lim
T T
T / 2
x(t ) dt
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Classification of Signals……
E x ( n)
n
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Classification of Signals……
Exercise:
5 cost , 1 t 1
b. x(t )
0 , otherwise
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Representation of Systems
A system is a mathematical model of a physical process that
relates the input signal to the output signal.
In other words, a system is a mathematical operator or mapping
that transforms an input signal into an output signal by means of
a fixed set of rules or operations.
The notation T[ .] is used to represent a general system in which
an input signal is transformed into an output signal.
Mathematically, the input and output signals can be related as:
y (t ) T [ x(t )] or y (n) T [ x(n)]
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Representation of Systems……
The relationship between the input and output may be expressed
in terms of a concise mathematical rule or function.
It is also possible to describe a system in terms of an algorithm
that provides a sequence of instructions or operations that is to
be applied to the input signal.
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Classification of Systems
In the analysis or design of a system, it is desirable to classify
the system according to some generic properties that the
system satisfies.
For a system to possess a given property, the property must
hold true for all possible input signals that can be applied to
the system.
If a property holds for some input signals but not for others,
the system does not satisfy that property.
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Classification of Systems……
We can classify systems into the following six basic categories.
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Classification of Systems……
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Classification of Systems……
Exercise:
dx(t )
c. y (t )
dt
d . y (t ) 3 x(t ) 5
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Classification of Systems……
Exercise:
c. y (t ) x 2 (t )
d . y ( n) x ( n)
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Classification of Systems……
iii. Memoryless Vs memory systems
A continuous-time system is said to be memoryless or
instantaneous if its output y(t) at time t = t0 depends only on the
values of the input x(t) at the same time t = t0.
Exercise:
n
b. y (t ) x(t 5) f . y ( n ) x
2
c. y (t ) x 2 (t ) g . y ( n) e x ( n )
d . y (t ) 3 x(t ) 5
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Classification of Systems……
iv. Causal Vs non-causal systems
A continuous-time system is said to be causal if the output at
timet t 0 depends only on the input x(t) fort t 0 .
Similarly, a discrete-time system is causal if the output at time
instantn n0 depends only on the input x(n) forn n0 .
That is, the output of a causal system at the present time
depends on only the present and/or past values of the input but
not on its future values.
A system that violates the causality condition is called a non-
causal or anti-causal system.
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Classification of Systems……
Exercise:
n
b. y (t ) x(t 2) x(t 5) f . y ( n ) x
2
c. y (t ) x 2 (t 2) g . y ( n) e x ( n 2 )
d . y (t ) x(2t )
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Classification of Systems……
Exercise:
a. y (t ) 2 x(t ) 5 d . y ( n) e x ( n )
n2
b. y (t ) x(t 5) e. y (n) x(k )
k n2
n
c. y (t ) x 2 (t ) f . y ( n) x(k )
k
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Classification of Systems……
vi. Invertible Vs non-invertible systems
A continuous-time system is said to be invertible if the input
signal x(t) can be uniquely determined from the output y(t) for
all time t ∈ (−∞,∞).
Similarly, a discrete-time system is said to be invertible if the
input signal x(n) can be uniquely determined from the output
y(n) for all time n ∈ (−∞,∞).
To be invertible, two different inputs cannot produce the same
output since, in such cases, the input signal cannot be uniquely
determined from the output signal.
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Classification of Systems……
Exercise:
c. y (t ) x 2 (t ) g . y ( n) e x ( n )
d . y (t ) x(t ) x(t 2)
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Exercise
t sin 2n
c. x(t ) t sin f . x ( n)
2 n
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Exercise……
6t 3t 2n
b. x(t ) sin 2 cos e. x(n) cos
7 5 5
3t 63t
f . x(n) 1
n
c. x(t ) sin cos
8 64
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Exercise……
cos3t , 3 n 3
e. x(n) 1
n
b. x(t )
0 , otherwise
n 3n
c. x(t ) e 2t u (t ) f . x(n) cos sin
4 8
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Exercise……
i. Memoryless or memory
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Exercise……
g. y(t) tx (t 4)
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