Textbook and reference book of this

course

• Electric machinery
Fundamentals
• Stephen J. Chapman

• principles of electric machin

es and power electronics
• P.C. Sen

Electric Machinery 1
 What to learn in this course ?

• Energy Conversion systems are introduced in this course

• Types of energy conversion systems covered in the course

–
Transformer Electric energy to electric energy

–
Motor Electric energy to mechanical energy

–
Generator Mechanical energy to electric energy

• Magnetic field interaction is essential in all of these system

which is generated by various principles

Electric Machinery 2
 Course Outlines – Introduction to
Machinery Principles (ch-1) (1/7)
1. Magnetic field principles used in electric machines

2. Ampere’s law

3. Magnetic circuits (series, and parallel combination, MMF,

Reluctance, Flux density, Permeability and relative permeability )

4. Energy losses in the ferromagnetic core (BH curve Hysteresis loop

and magnetic domain theory, eddy current loss )

5. Faraday's and Lenz's law, Production of induced force on a wire,

Induced voltage on a wire moving in a magnetic field

6. Linear Machine Model

Electric Machinery 3
 Course Outlines – Transformer (ch-2)
(2/7)
1. Types and construction of transformer ( core, shell, distribution, unit, and
substation transformers)
2. The ideal transformer (Impedance transformation through a transformer
and analysis of circuits containing ideal transformers )
3. Theory of operation of real single-phase transformer ( The magnetization
current in a real transformer, The equivalent circuit of a transformer,
Approximate and exact equivalent circuit of a transformer)

4. Open and short-circuit tests, Transformer voltage regulation and

efficiency, Effect of power factor on voltage regulation and efficiency

5. Auto-transformer, Instrument transformers (potential and current

transformers), Three-phase transformers

Electric Machinery 4
 Course Outlines - DC Machine
Fundamentals (ch-7) (3/7)
1. Construction & working of ideal DC machine (A simple rotating
loop b/t curved pole faces. Voltage induced in a rotating loop,
getting DC voltage out of the rotating loop , the induced torque in
the rotating loop )

2. Commutation in a simple four-loop dc machine, Problems with

commutation in real machine

3. Construction of Real DC machine, The internal generated voltage

and induced torque equation in real DC machine

4. Power flow and losses in real DC machine Examples and exercise

problems

Electric Machinery 5
 Course Outline - DC Motor (ch-8) (4/7)
DC machine as a motor
1. Introduction( history, speed regulation), Equivalent circuit ,
Magnetization curve

2. Separately excited DC motor and shunt DC motor ( terminal

xtics, speed control)

3. Permanent magnet DC motor, The series DC motor & The

compounded DC motor ( terminal xtics, speed control)

4. DC motor Starters & solid-state speed controller

Electric Machinery 6
 Course Outline - DC Generator (ch-8)
(5/7)
DC machine as a generator
1. Introduction ( working, voltage regulation, equivalent circuit)

2. The separately excited DC generator ( terminal xtics, control of

terminal voltage)

3. The shunt DC generator ( voltage buildup, terminal xtics &

voltage control)

4. The series DC generator , The cumulative compounded DC

generator & The differentially compounded DC generator
( terminal xtics, control of terminal voltage)

Electric Machinery 7
 Course Outline – AC Machinery
Fundamentals (ch-3) (6/7)
1. Types of AC machines, Introduction to synchronous and
induction machines and their differences, Ideal ac machine
(Induced voltage and torque on a coil moving in a magnetic
field)

2. Rotating magnetic fields concept and its proof, Relation

between electrical frequency and the speed of magnetic field
rotation, Reversing the direction of the magnetic field

3. Real AC machines (Induced voltage, Induced torque in AC

machines)

4. AC machinery power flow, Voltage regulation and speed

regulation
Electric Machinery 8
 Course Outline – Synchronous Generator
(ch-4) (7/7)

1. The speed of rotation of a synchronous generator

2. The internal generated voltage of a synchronous generator,

torque, and power

3. The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator, the open

and short circuit tests

4. The phasor diagram of synchronous generator

5. Parallel operation of synchronous generator

Electric Machinery 9
 Course Learning Outcomes:
After successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Explain the basic concepts for understanding of various electric
machines and their operating principles. (C2‐PLO1)
2. Examine the behavior of electric machines using mathematical, sciences
and engineering concepts. (C4‐PLO2)
3. Design application specific electric machines and analyze their
characteristics. (C5‐PLO3)
4. Evaluate different design configurations of electric machines and
justify the design choices. (C6‐PLO4)

5. Implement theoretical and practical concepts using modern tools and

electro‐mechanical devices to practically investigate the operation of
electric machines. (P3‐PLO5)
6. Present and analyze data with effective report writing skills. (A2‐
PLO10)
Electric Machinery 10
 Timeline of the Topics Covered:
1. Introduction to Machinery Principles (2.5 Weeks)

2. Transformers (3.5 Weeks)

3. DC Machinery Fundamentals (3 Weeks)

4. DC Machine as a Motor (2.5 Week)

5. DC Machine as a Generator (1.5 Week)

6. AC Machinery Fundamentals (2 Weeks)

7. Synchronous Generator (1 Week)

Electric Machinery 11
 Assessment Plan

Electric Machinery 12
 Lect- 2

Electric Machinery 13
 Chapter 1
Introduction to Machinery Principles

Electric Machinery 14
 Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery
principles

1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power

relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faraday’s law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits

Electric Machinery 15
 Electric Machines Applications

Electric Machinery 16
 History of Electric Machinery

Frank J. Sprague
1884 produces DC motor for
Edison systems

Electric Machinery 17
 History of Electric Machinery

William Stanley
1885 develops commercially
practical transformer

Electric Machinery 18
 History of Electric Machinery

Nikola Tesla presents

paper on two-phase ac
induction and
1888
synchronous motors

Electric Machinery 19
 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
• We’ll start our discussion to a rotary motion due to the
rotational nature of machines
• Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)
– CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as the
negative direction.
• Linear motion and rotation motion
– Position (symbol used d or r ) (meter) and angular position
(degree or radian)

– angular speed
ω=

Electric Machinery 20
 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

– = Angular velocity in rpm

– = Angular velocity in rps
– = Angular velocity in rad/s
– relationships

– angular acceleration
=

Electric Machinery 21
 Torque
What would be torque in these two cases?

Electric Machinery 22
 Torque

 = (force applied) ( perpendicular

distance)
= F (rsinƟ)
= rFsinƟ
=rxF

Where Ɵ is the smallest angle between r

and F

The direction of torque is ccw

Electric Machinery 23
 Newton’s law of rotation

1. Force F = net force applied to an object

m =mass of an object
F=ma a = acceleration

2. Torque =J

 = net torque applied to an object

J =moment of inertia which depends on mass and radiu
 = angular acceleration

Electric Machinery 24
 Work, Torque & Power (rate of doing
work)

W =  Ɵ ( for angular motion)

P=

P is in watt, speed is in rad/s and torque is in N/m

Electric Machinery 25
Electric Machinery 26
 The magnetic field

Electric Machinery 27
 Production of the magnetic field –
Ampere’s law
We shall first study how the current in a coil is related to the magnetic
field intensity.
The magnetic field intensity produced is calculated by ampere’s
law, [2]

Electric Machinery 28
 From the magnetic field to magnetic flux
density

1. When a ferromagnetic material is subjected to a magnetic

field, it produces a magnetic flux density B.

Electric Machinery 29
 Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux

1. Magnetic flux density

2. Magnetic flux

Electric Machinery 30
 Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

Electric Machinery 31
 Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive force

Electric Machinery 32
 Magnetic circuit

1. Magnetic circuit

Electric Machinery 33
 Reluctance in magnetic circuit

1. Series connection

2. Parallel connection

Electric Machinery 34
 Example 1-1

Magnetic
circuit

Electric Machinery 35
 MATLAB Programs

Electric Machinery 39
Electric Machinery 40
 Example 1-2

Mean path length

Magnetic
circuit
Air gap length

Air gap Area

Electric Machinery 41
 Example 1-2

Fringing effect (spreading of the flux at the edges

airgap is called Fringing)
Electric Machinery 42
ch area would be used if flux density in the core is given in this question?
 Example 1-3

X-sectional area of cor

Length of rotor

Length of stator Length of gap

Electric Machinery 46
Magnetic
circuit
 Lecture 4

Electric Machinery 51
 Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation

Apply current to the circuit

shown in Fig. left and slowly
increase its value

Electric Machinery 52
 Magnetic curve for a typical steel

Electric Machinery 53
 A plot of relative permeability mr

Electric Machinery 54
 Example 1-4

Electric Machinery 55
 Solution: Example 1-4

Electric Machinery 56
 Example 1-4

Electric Machinery 57
 Example 1-5

Electric Machinery 58
Electric Machinery 61
 Energy loss in ferromagnetic core –
hysteresis loss

Electric Machinery 62
 Hysteresis loop – residual flux

Electric Machinery 63
 The effect of magnetomotive force on the
hysteresis loop

The effect of the size of magnetomotive force

excursions on the magnitude of the hysteresis loss.

Electric Machinery 64
 Faraday’s law – induce voltage from a
time-varying magnetic field

1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity

Electric Machinery 65
 The induced voltage polarity – Lenz’s law

Electric Machinery 66
 Example 1-6

Electric Machinery 67
 Production of an induced force on a wire

Electric Machinery 70
 Example 1-7

Electric Machinery 71
 Example 1-7

Electric Machinery 72
 Induced voltage on a conductor

The positive end is in the direction of V

xB

Electric Machinery 73
 Example 1-8

Electric Machinery 74
 Example 1-9

Electric Machinery 76
 Lecture 5

Electric Machinery 78
 The linear DC machine – a simple
example

It consists of :
Battery, switch, resistor,
frictionless track, moveable conducting bar, constant B
along the bed of rails

Switch R The direction of magnetic flux density

x x x x x
+
eind l
VB -
x x x x x

79
 The behavior of the SLM can be explained with the help of the
following four equation
SLM stands for simple linear machine

1)Find = i(l x B)

2)eind = (VxB).l

3)VB- i*R- eind = 0

4)Fnet = ma
Switch R The direction of magnetic flux density

x x x x x
+
eind
l
VB -
x x x x x
 Starting a linear DC machine

Switch R The direction of magnetic flux density

x x x x x
i(t)
+
ein Find
l
VB d
- v
x x x x x

Electric Machinery 81
 Starting a linear DC machine
1. Current & current is maximum

2. Induced force

3. Induced voltage and due to this

The result of this action would result steady state

speed when current would turn to zero

Electric Machinery 82
 Starting a linear DC machine
1. Current

2. Induced force

3. Induced voltage

4. Steady state speed the bar will continue to move

at the this no load speed forever

Electric Machinery 83
 Summary of DC machine starting

Electric Machinery 84
 DC linear machine operates at no-load
condition plots

Velocity, induced voltage, induced current & induced force plot

against time
Electric Machinery 85
 Linear dc motor

• Let’s apply the load opposite to the induced Force as

shown below
Switch R The direction of magnetic flux density

x x x x x
i(t)
+
Floa ein Find
l
VB d d - v
x x x x x

Fload would result in negative acceleration, hence

bar would slow down

Electric Machinery 86
 Summary of a dc motor operation

• Recall the conversion of the

power relationship between Switch R The direction of magnetic flux density

mechanical and electrical

x x x x x
i(t)
+
Fload eind Find
l
VB - v
x x x x x

Electric Machinery 87
 DC linear machine operates at load
condition

Velocity, induced voltage, induced current & induced force plot against time

Electric Machinery 88
 Linear dc generator

• assume the machine is running at no load condition,

& and the external force is applied in the moving
direction.
Switch R The direction of magnetic flux density

x x x x x
i(t)
+
Find ein Fapp
l
VB d - v
x x x x x

Electric Machinery 89
 Summary of a dc generator operation

Electric Machinery 90
 Starting problem of dc linear machine

Electric Machinery 91
 Example 1-10

Electric Machinery 92
 Example 1-10

Electric Machinery 93
Electric Machinery 95
Electric Machinery 99
 Matlab/Simulink simulation

• Equations:
– F = ilB
– e = vBl
– i = (Vb-e) / R
– dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m
• Simulation parameters:
– Vb=120V, R=0.3W, l = 1m
– B=0.6T, m=0.1kg
– Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt

Electric Machinery 100

 Matlab/Simulink simulation

Electric Machinery 101

 End

Electric Machinery 103

 Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits

• Power in DC circuit

Electric Machinery 104

 Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits

• AC source applies power to an impedance Z

Electric Machinery 105

 Instantaneous power

Electric Machinery 106

 Instantaneous power

Electric Machinery 107

 Average power and reactive power

Electric Machinery 108

 Reactive power Q and apparatus power S

1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from

instantaneous power

2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the

product of voltage and current magnitudes

Electric Machinery 109

 Complex power representation

Electric Machinery 111

 Complex power representation

Electric Machinery 112

 Power direction

Electric Machinery 113

 Power factor

Electric Machinery 114

 Example 1-11

Electric Machinery 115

 Three phase concepts

• The three phase concepts are also introduced in

Appendix

Electric Machinery 118

119
120
121
122
 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

Electric Machinery 123

 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

4. Air gap area increases due to “fringing effect”

Electric Machinery 124