School of Architecture,

Computing and Engineering

Curvillinear
Motion TOPIC 03
ENGINEERING MECHANICS: DYNAMICS
CEDYNA20
PREPARED BY: LDDZ

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PROJECTILE MOTION
Projectiles
 A particle moves in a vertical plane with some
initial velocity but its acceleration is always
the free-fall acceleration ,which is downward.
Such a particle is called a projectile (meaning
that it is projected or launched), and its
motion is called projectile motion.

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PROJECTILE MOTION
Assumptions
 A projectile moves in a curved path, and its  When analyzing projectile motion, consider it
motion is simple to analyze if we make two to be the superposition of two motions:
assumptions: (1) constant-velocity motion
1. the free-fall acceleration g is constant in the horizontal direction
over the range of motion and is directed (2) free-fall motion in the vertical direction.
downward
 The horizontal and vertical components of a
2. the effect of air resistance is negligible. projectile’s motion are
 With these assumptions, we find that the path independent of each completely other
of a projectile, which we call its trajectory, is handled separately, with timeandt as can the
always a parabola. common variable for both components.be

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PROJECTILE MOTION

The horizontal displacement of a projectile is

given by
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑡
𝑥𝑓 = (𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜃𝑖) 𝑡
The initial x and y component of velocity are
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖 cos eq.1
𝜃𝑖 eq.2
𝑉𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖 sin 𝜃𝑖

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PROJECTILE MOTION

𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡 → eq 1
 When analyzing projectile motion, consider it
to be the superposition of two motions:
𝑔 𝑡 2
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡– → eq 2 (1) constant-velocity motion in
2 the horizontal direction
𝑣 2 sin 2 𝜃 (2) free-fall motion in the vertical direction.
H = 𝑖 2𝑔 → eq 3
 The horizontal and vertical components of a
projectile’s motion are
𝑣𝑖2 sin 2𝜃 independent of each completely other
R= 𝑔
→ eq 4
handled separately, with timeand 𝑡 as canthe
common variable for both components.be
𝑔𝑥²
y = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 – → eq 5
2𝑣 𝑖 ²𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

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Sample Problem 1
A stone is thrown from a hill at an angle of 60° with
the horizontal at an initial velocity of 30m/s. after
hitting level ground at the base of the hill, the stone
has covered a horizontal distance of 150m. How high
is the hill?

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Sample Problem 2
A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of 60m/s
upward at an angle of 30° to the horizontal from a
point 80 m above a level plain. What horizontal
distance will it cover before it strikes the plain?

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Sample Problem 3
A ball is thrown so that it clears a 3m fence 18m
away. If it left the hand of the man at 1.5m above the
ground at an angle of 60° with the horizontal, what
was the initial velocity of the ball?

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Sample Problem 4
A shell leaves a mortar with a muzzle velocity of 150
m/s, directed upwards at an angle of 60° with the
horizontal.
a) Determine the position of the shell and its
resultant velocity 20 sec after firing.
b) How high will it rise?

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Sample Problem 5
A ball is shot at a ground level at an angle of 60° with
the horizontal with an initial velocity of 100m/s.
a) Determine the height of the ball after 2 sec?
b) Determine the velocity of the ball after 2
sec?
c) Determine the time it will take for the ball
to hit the ground?

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Seatwork
A soccer ball is kicked from the ground with an initial speed
of 19.5 m/s at an upward angle of 45°. A player 55m away
in the direction of the kick starts running to meet the ball at
that instant. What must be his average speed if he is to
meet the ball just before it hits the ground?

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Normal and Tangential

Components of Acceleration
Coordinate System
 Provided the path of the particle is known, we
can establish a set of 𝑛 and 𝑡 coordinates
having a fixed origin, which is coincident with
the particle at the instant considered.
 The positive tangent axis acts in the direction
of motion and the positive normal axis is
directed toward the path’s center of
curvature.

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Normal and Tangential

Components of Acceleration
Velocity
 The particle’s velocity is always tangent to the
path.
 The magnitude of velocity is found from the
time derivative of the path function.
𝑣 = 𝑠ሶ

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Tangential Acceleration
 The tangential component of acceleration is If at is constant, at = (at )c , the above equations,
the result of the time rate of change in the when integrated, yield
magnitude of velocity. This component acts in
the positive s direction if the particle’s speed 1
is increasing or in the opposite direction if the 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑡2
2 𝑐
speed is decreasing.
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
 The relations between a t , v, t, and s are the
same as for rectilinear motion, namely, 𝑣 2 = 𝑣 2 + 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑐 𝑠𝑓 − 𝑠𝑖
𝑓 𝑖
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣ሶ
𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑣

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Normal Acceleration Radius of Curvature

 The normal component of acceleration is the If the path is expressed as y = f(x), the radius of
result of the time rate of change in the curvature r at any point on the path is
direction of the velocity. This component is determined from the equation
3
always directed toward the center of
curvature of the path, i.e., along the positive n 1+ 𝑦′2 2
𝜌=
axis. 𝑦′′
 The magnitude of this component is
determined from
𝑣2
𝑎𝑛 =
𝜌

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Sample Problem 6
A car travels at a constant speed of 100kph on a
straight road of increasing rate whose vertical profile
can be approximated by the equation 𝑦 = 0.0003𝑥2.
When the car’s horizontal coordinate is 𝑥 = 400𝑚:
a. Determine the radius of curvature
b. Determine the normal acceleration of the car
c. Determine the acceleration of the car.

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Sample Problem 7
When the skier reaches point A along the parabolic
path shown below, he has a speed of 6 m/s which is
increasing at 2 m/s² . Determine the direction of his
velocity and the direction and magnitude of his
acceleration at this instant. Neglect the size of the
skier in the calculation

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Sample Problem 8
A race car C travels around the horizontal circular
track that has a radius of 300 ft as shown below. If
the car increases its speed at a constant rate of 7 ft/s²
, starting from rest, determine the time needed for it
to reach an acceleration of 8 ft/s². What is its speed
at this instant?

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Sample Problem 8
The boxes travel along the industrial conveyor. If a
box as shown below starts from rest at A and
increases its speed such that at = (0.2t) m/s² , where t
is in seconds, determine the magnitude of its
acceleration when it arrives at point B.

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End of presentation

Thank you!

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