4 Integrals

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Topics for this week
1. Review: Indefinite Integral
2. Substitution method:
a. Simple substitution
b. Some algebraic functions
c. Some trigonometric functions
d. Trigonometric substitution

2
Indefinite Integral

3
Indefinite Integral
Definition of a Indefinite Integral: If F’(x)=f(x) then F(x) is called an
antiderivative or an indefinite integral of f(x).
In other words, if the derivative of F(x) is f(x) then an antiderivative or an
indefinite integral of f(x) is F(x)

Notation:

Therefore,

 f  x  dx  F  x  means F x   f x 

4
Indefinite Integrals
1 Table of Indefinite Integrals

5
Indefinite Integrals
2 Tables of Rules of Indefinite Integrals

Constant multiple rule

Sum rule
Product rule
Substitution rule

6
Substitution Rule

7
Substitution rule

8
Substitution rule

∫ cos⁡( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥=sin⁡( 𝑥) ∫ cos ( 𝑥5 ) 𝑑(𝑥5 )=sin ⁡( 𝑥5 )

2 2 2

∫ cos⁡( 𝑦)𝑑 𝑦=sin⁡( 𝑦) ∫ cos ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑(𝑥 )=sin ⁡(𝑥 )

∫ cos⁡(𝑢)𝑑𝑢=sin ⁡( 𝑥) ∫ cos (7 𝑥2𝑥 ) 𝑑(7 𝑥2 𝑥 )=sin ⁡(7 𝑥2𝑥 )
20 20 20

∫ cos⁡(𝑤)𝑑𝑤=sin ⁡(𝑤) ∫ cos (𝑒 ) 𝑑(𝑒 )=sin ⁡(𝑒 )

9
Substitution rule
𝑑 2 ′
sin ( 𝑥 ) =cos ( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 ) =¿ cos ( 𝑥 ) 2 𝑥 ¿
2 2 2
𝑑𝑥

∫ cos ( 𝑥 ) 2𝑥𝑑𝑥=sin ( 𝑥 )
2 2

∫ cos ( 𝑥 )( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=sin ( 𝑥 )
2 2′ 2

∫ cos ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑 ( 𝑥 )=sin ( 𝑥 )
2 2 2

2 ′
𝑑 ( 𝑥 )= ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 =2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 ( 𝑔 ( 𝑥) ) =𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
10
Simple Substitution

11
 Example

∫𝑥
5/2
3/2 𝑥 +6
Evaluate
𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We use substitution rule and basic forms to integrate the given function:
′ 5 3/ 2
𝑑( 𝑥 ¿¿ 5 / 2+6)=( 𝑥 + 6 ) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ¿
5/2
2
2 3/2
𝑑(𝑥 ¿¿ 5 /2+6)=𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ¿
5

3/ 2 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 𝑑 (𝑥¿ ¿ 5/2+6 )¿
5
12
Example

13
 Example

∫𝑥
5/2
3/2 𝑥 +6
Evaluate
𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We use substitution rule and basic forms to integrate the given function:
Let 𝑢= 𝑥5 / 2+ 6
Then
′ 5 3/2
𝑑 𝑢=𝑑 ( 𝑥¿ ¿ 5/ 2+ 6)=( 𝑥 +6 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ¿
5 /2
2
2 3/2
𝑑 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5

14
Example

=
15
 Example
Evaluate
∫ (5𝑥 +12𝑥 ) cos ( 𝑥 +4 𝑥 −3) 𝑑𝑥
4 2 5 3

Solution:
We use substitution rule and basic forms to integrate the given function:
Let 𝑢= 𝑥5 + 4 𝑥 3 − 3

Then
′
𝑑 𝑢=𝑑 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥= ( 5 𝑥 +12 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
5 3 5 3 4 2

16
 Example

𝑥 +12 𝑥 ) cos ( 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
4 2 5 3

=
17
 Example
Evaluate ∫
ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Solution:
We use substitution rule and basic forms to integrate the given function:
Let 𝑢=ln 𝑥 Note: and

Then
1
𝑑 𝑢=𝑑 ( ln 𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

18
Example
ln 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ ln 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=

19
 Example
Evaluate ∫
ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Solution:
We can also use product rule and basic forms to integrate the given function:
1
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=ln 𝑥 𝑔 ( 𝑥)=
𝑥

=
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =( ln 𝑥 ) −∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
20
 Example
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =( ln 𝑥 ) −∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥2

ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=( ln 𝑥 ) 2

ln 𝑥
2∫
2
𝑑𝑥= ( ln 𝑥 )
𝑥
2
ln 𝑥 ( ln 𝑥 )
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 +𝐶
21
 Example
sin √ 𝑥
Evaluate ∫ √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We use substitution rule and basic forms to integrate the given function:
Let 𝑢= 𝑥 √
Note: and

Then
1
𝑑 𝑢=𝑑 ( √ 𝑥 ) ¿ 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥 Recall:
1 So
2 𝑑𝑢= 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 22
Example
sin √ 𝑥 1
∫ √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ sin √ 𝑥 ∙ √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=

23
Some special algebraic form

24
Example

Form Try

or
Complete the square or factor

25
 Example
√ 𝑥 −16 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥
Solution:
We will try the form √ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑛

Let

2
𝑢 = 𝑥 −16
Then
𝑑 ( 𝑢 ) = 𝑑 ( 𝑥 − 16 )
2 Recall:
So
And
2u 26
Example

∫ √ 𝑥 −16 𝑑𝑥= √
∫ 2
2
𝑢
2 𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑢 +16
=

= 27
Example

=
28
Example

29
 Example
1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 +8 𝑥+41
Solution:
2
We will try the form 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐. First we will complete the square

=
Now let 𝑢=x + 4

Recall:
𝑑 ( 𝑢 ) =𝑑 ( 𝑥 + 4 ) = 𝑑𝑥
So
30
Example

1 1
∫ 𝑥 2+ 8 𝑥+ 41 𝑑𝑥=∫ ( 𝑥+ 4 )2 +25 𝑑𝑥
1
¿∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 +25
¿
1
5
tan − 1 ( )
𝑢
5
+𝐶

¿
1
5 (
tan − 1
𝑥+4
5
+𝐶)
31
 Example
1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ −21 +10 𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Solution:
We will try the form 𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐
We will complete the square.

− 2 1 +10 𝑥 − 𝑥 =− ( 𝑥 − 10 𝑥+ 25 ) + 4=− ( 𝑥 − 5 ) + 4
2 2 2

Let 𝑢=𝑥 −5
Then Recall:
𝑑𝑢=𝑑 ( 𝑥 −5 ) So
𝑑 𝑢=1 𝑑𝑥 32
Example
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ −21 +10 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
√ − ( 𝑥 −5 ) +4
2

1
¿∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 2 − ( 𝑥 −5 )
2 2

1
¿∫ 𝑑𝑢
√ 2 −𝑢
2 2

¿ sin ( ) + 𝐶
𝑢−1
2

¿ sin −1
( )
𝑥 −5
2
+𝐶

33
 Example
𝑥+7
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 +10 𝑥 +29
Solution:
We will try the form 𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐
We will complete the square.
2 2
𝑥 +10 𝑥 +29=( 𝑥+5 ) + 4
Let 𝑢=𝑥+5
Then Recall:
𝑑𝑢=𝑑 ( 𝑥 +5 ) So
𝑑 𝑢=𝑑𝑥 34
Example
𝑥+ 7 𝑥+7
∫ 𝑥 2+10 𝑥 +29 𝑑𝑥=∫ ( 𝑥 +5 )2 + 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑢−5+7
¿∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 +4
𝑢+2
¿ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 +4
𝑢 2
¿ ∫ 2 𝑑 𝑢+∫ 2 𝑑 𝑢
𝑢 +4 𝑢 +4
35
Example

𝑢 2
¿ ∫ 2 𝑑 𝑢+∫ 2 𝑑 𝑢 L, Then
𝑢 +4 𝑢 +4
1 1 1
¿ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 +2 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑣 𝑢 +2
¿
1
2
1
2 ( )
ln|𝑣|+¿ 2∙ tan −1
𝑢
2
+𝐶¿

36
Example

¿
1
2
1
2 ( )
ln|𝑣|+¿ 2∙ tan −1
𝑢
2
+𝐶¿

1
¿ ln|𝑢 + 4|+¿ tan
2
2 −1 𝑢
2 ( )
+𝐶 ¿

1
¿ ln|( 𝑥+5 ) + 4|+ ¿ tan
2
2 −1 𝑥 +5
2 ( )
+𝐶 ¿
1
¿ ln ( 𝑥 +10 𝑥+ 29 ) + ¿ tan
2
2
( )
−1 𝑥 +5
2
+𝐶 ¿

37
 Example
Evaluate
∫ 𝑥 √7+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
54 3

Solution:
We will try the form √ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑛

Let 4
𝑢 =7 + 𝑥
3

𝑑 ( 𝑢 4 ) = 𝑑 ( 7+ 𝑥 3 )
( 𝑢 4 ) ′ 𝑑𝑢= ( 7+ 𝑥 3 )′ 𝑑𝑥 Recall:
4
4 3 2
𝑢 𝑑𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 38
Example

∫ 𝑥 √7+𝑥 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑥 √7+𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

54 3 34 3 2

4 3
¿ ∫ ( 𝑢 −7 ) √ 𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 4 4
3
4
¿ ∫ ( 𝑢 −7 ) 𝑢∙𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 3
3
4
¿ ∫ ( 𝑢 −7 𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
8 4
3
39
Example
4
¿ ∫ ( 𝑢 −7 𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
8 4
3
4 8 28 4
¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢− ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3
9 5
4 𝑢 28 𝑢
¿ ∙ − ∙ +𝐶
3 9 3 5
3 9 3 5
4 ( √ 7+ 𝑥 ) 28 ( √ 7+ 𝑥 )
4 4

¿ − +𝐶
27 15

40
 Example
𝑥
𝑒
Evaluate ∫ 3 𝑒𝑥 +4 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We will try the form𝑒 𝑥

Let 𝑢=𝑒
𝑥

𝑑𝑢=𝑑 ( 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑢=( 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
′
Recall:
𝑥
𝑑𝑢=𝑒 𝑑𝑥
41
Example
𝑥
𝑒 1
∫ 𝑥
3𝑒 +4𝑒
−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑥 4
𝑒
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3𝑒 + 𝑥
𝑒
1
¿∫ 𝑑𝑢
4
3 𝑢+
𝑢

𝑢
¿∫ 2 𝑑 𝑢
3 𝑢 +4

42
Example
𝑢
¿∫ 2 𝑑 𝑢 Let
3 𝑢 +4 Then

1
¿ ∫ 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢 +4
1 1
¿ ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 6
1 1
¿ ∫ 𝑑𝑣
6 𝑣
43
Example
1 1
¿ ∫ 𝑑𝑣
6 𝑣
1
¿ ln |3 𝑢 + 4 |+𝐶
2
6
1
¿ ln |3 ( 𝑒 ) + 4 |+𝐶
𝑥 2
6
1 2𝑥
¿ ln ( 3 𝑒 + 4)+ 𝐶
6

44
Some special trigonometric functions

45
 Special trigonometric forms

∫ sin 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Form 1:
𝑚 𝑛

Case 1: 𝑚∨𝑛 is odd

Case 2: both 𝑚∧𝑛 are even

∫ tan 𝑥sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Form 2:
𝑚 𝑛

Case 1: 𝑚 is odd
Case 2: 𝑛 is even
Case 3: 𝑚 is even∧𝑛is odd 46
 Special trigonometric forms

Form 3:
∫ (sin∨cos 𝑚𝑥)¿ ¿
Form 4:∫
sin∨cos(𝑥 +𝛼)
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑜𝑟 cos(𝑥+ 𝛽)

1
Form 5:∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2
a +b sin 𝑥 +𝑐 co s 𝑥

47
Need the following information

48
Reduction Formula
1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥=− 𝑛 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥+ 𝑛 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛− 2

1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 𝑛 cos 𝑥sin 𝑥+ 𝑛 ∫ co s 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛− 2

1 𝑛−2
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 𝑛−1 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥+ 𝑛−1 ∫ s ec 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛− 2 𝑛−2

49
Trigonometric Identities
2 2
sin 𝑥+ co s 𝑥=1
2 2 2 2
1+ tan 𝑥 =sec 𝑥 1+cot 𝑥= csc 𝑥
2 2 2 2
sec 𝑥 − 1=tan 𝑥 c sc 𝑥 −1=co t 𝑥

sin ⁡( 𝐴+ 𝐵)=sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵+ cos 𝐴sin 𝐵

sin ⁡( 𝐴− 𝐵)=sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 −cos 𝐴sin 𝐵
cos ⁡( 𝐴+ 𝐵)=cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 −sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos ⁡( 𝐴 − 𝐵)=cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵+sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
50
Trigonometric Identities
1
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵= ( sin ( 𝐴 + 𝐵 ) +sin ⁡( 𝐴 − 𝐵) )
2
1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵= ( cos ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) +cos ⁡( 𝐴 + 𝐵) )
2
1
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵= ( cos ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) −cos ⁡( 𝐴 + 𝐵) )
2

51
Trigonometric Identities

sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷=2sin ( ) ( )

𝐶+𝐷
2
cos
𝐶−𝐷
2

sin 𝐶 −sin 𝐷=2 sin (

2 ) ( 2 )
𝐶− 𝐷 𝐶+𝐷
cos

cos 𝐶 +cos 𝐷=2 cos ( ) cos (

2 )
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶− 𝐷
2

cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷=2 sin ( ) sin (

2 )
𝐶+ 𝐷 𝐷− 𝐶
2

52
Examples

53
Example: Form 1, Case 1

∫ sin 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ sin 𝑥cos 𝑥cos𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 5 2 4 L, Then

¿∫ sin 𝑥 ( cos 𝑥 ) cos𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 2 2

¿ ∫ sin 𝑥 ¿ ¿ ¿
2

¿ ∫ 𝑢 ( 1−𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
2 22

54
Example: Form 1, Case 1

¿ ∫ 𝑢 ( 1−𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
2 22

¿∫ (𝑢¿¿2−2𝑢 +𝑢 )𝑑𝑢¿
4 6

¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢−2∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢+∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 4 6
3 5 7
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
¿ −2 + +𝐶
3 5 7
3 5 7
sin 𝑥 2sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
¿ − + +𝐶
3 5 7
55
Example: Form 1, Case 2

∫ sin 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ sin2 𝑥cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥2

2 2 2 2

¿ ∫ sin 𝑥 ( 1−sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
¿ ∫ ( sin 𝑥−sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 4

¿∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥−∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 4

56
Example: Form 1, Case 2

¿∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥−∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 4

( 1 3 3
¿ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥+ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
4 4
2
)
1 3 1
¿ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥+ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
4 4
1 3
(
1 1 1
¿ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥+ − sin 𝑥cos 𝑥+ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 4 2 2
0
) 57
Example: Form 1, Case 2
1 3 1 1
( 1
¿ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥+ − sin 𝑥cos 𝑥+ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 4 2 2
0
)
1 3 1 1
¿ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥− sin 𝑥cos 𝑥+¿ ∫ 1𝑑𝑥¿
4 8 8
1 3 1 1
¿ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 +¿ 𝑥 +𝐶 ¿
4 8 8

58
 Example: Form 2, Case 1

∫ tan 𝑥sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ tan 𝑥sec 𝑥sec 𝑥tan𝑥𝑑𝑥

3 4 2 3

¿ ∫ ( sec 𝑥−1 ) sec 𝑥sec 𝑥tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 3

¿ ∫ ( u −1 ) u 𝑑𝑢
2 3
L, Then

¿ ∫ ( 𝑢 −𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
5 3

¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢−∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5 3
59
Example: Form 2, Case 1

¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢−∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5 3

6 4
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥
¿ − +𝐶
6 4

60
Example: Form 2, Case 2
L, Then

∫ tan 𝑥sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ tan3 𝑥sec 𝑥sec2 𝑥𝑑𝑥2

3 4 3 2 2

¿ ∫ tan 𝑥 ( 1+tan 𝑥 ) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

¿ ∫ 𝑢 ( 1+𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
3 2

¿ ∫ ( 𝑢 +𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
3 5

¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢+∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 5
61
Example: Form 2, Case 2

¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢+∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 5

4 6
𝑢 𝑢
¿ + +𝐶
4 6
4 6
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
¿ + +𝐶
4 6

62
Example: Form 2, Case 3

∫ tan 𝑥sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ ( sec5 𝑥−1) sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 3 2 3

¿ ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥−∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

3

1 3 3
¿ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 −∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
4 4
1 3 1
¿ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥− ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
4 4

63
Example: Form 2, Case 3

1 3
¿ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥−
4
1 1
4 2 ( 1
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥+ ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 )
1 3 1 1
¿ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥− sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥− ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 8 8
1 3 1 1
¿ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ln ¿ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ∨¿+ 𝐶 ¿
4 8 8

64
Example: Form 3
1
∫ sin 2 𝑥 cos5 𝑥𝑑𝑥= 2 ∫(sin ( 2𝑥+5 𝑥 )+sin ⁡( 2 𝑥− 5𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥
1
¿
2
∫ ¿ ¿
1
¿
2
∫ ¿ ¿
1 1
¿ ∫ sin 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin ⁡(3 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 2
65
Example: Form 3
1 1
¿ ∫ sin 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin ⁡(3 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 2
¿ ∙
2 (
1 − cos 7 𝑥
7 ) (
1 −cos 3 𝑥
− ∙
2 3
+𝐶 )
−cos 7 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥
¿ + +𝐶
14 6

66
Example: Form 4

Form 4:∫
sin∨cos(𝑥 +𝛼)
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑜𝑟 cos(𝑥+ 𝛽)

Evaluate:
sin 𝑥
∫ sin ⁡(𝑥+5) 𝑑𝑥
67
Example: Form 4
sin 𝑥 sin(𝑢− 5) L, Then
∫ sin ⁡(𝑥+5) 𝑑𝑥 ¿ ∫ sin ⁡(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
sin(𝑢− 5)
¿∫ 𝑑𝑢
sin ⁡(𝑢)
sin ( 𝑢 ) cos5 − cos ( 𝑢 ) sin 5
¿∫ 𝑑𝑢
sin ⁡(𝑢)
sin ( 𝑢 ) cos5 co s ( 𝑢 ) sin 5
¿∫ − 𝑑𝑢
sin ⁡(𝑢) sin ⁡( 𝑢)
68
Example: Form 4
sin ( 𝑢 ) cos5 co s ( 𝑢 ) sin 5
¿∫ − 𝑑𝑢
sin ⁡(𝑢) sin ⁡( 𝑢)

¿∫ (cos5−sin5cot ⁡(𝑢))𝑑𝑢
¿ ∫ cos5𝑑𝑢+∫ sin5cot ⁡(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
¿cos5∫ 1𝑑𝑢+sin5∫ cot ⁡(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
¿ ¿
¿ ¿ 69
Example: Form 5

1
Form 5:∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2
a +b sin 𝑥 +𝑐 co s 𝑥

Evaluate:
1
∫ 2 2
sin 𝑥+ 4 co s 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

70
 Example: Form 5
1 L, Then
1 2

∫ sin 2 𝑥+4 co s2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥¿ ∫ cos 𝑥

2
sin 𝑥
+4
𝑑𝑥
2
cos 𝑥
2
sec 𝑥
¿∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥+4
1
¿ ∫ 2 sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2

tan 𝑥+4
1
¿ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 +4
71
Example: Form 5
1
¿ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 +4

1
¿ tan
2 ( )
−1 𝑢
2
+𝐶

1
¿ tan−1
2 ( )
tan 𝑥
2
+𝐶

72
Trigonometric Substitution

73
Trigonometric Substitution

Some special algebraic Trig sub

Trigonometric functions
functions

Integrate

Inv. sub
Integral of special Integral of trigonometric
algebraic functions functions

74
Some special algebraic functions

√𝑎 − 𝑥 2 2

√𝑎 +𝑥
2 2

√ 𝑥 −𝑎
2 2

75
Trigonometric Substitution
In finding the area of a circle or an ellipse, an integral of the
form dx arises, where a > 0.

If it were the substitution u = a2 – x2 would be

effective but, as it stands, dx is more difficult.

76
Trigonometric Substitution
If we change the variable from x to  by the substitution
x = a sin , then the identity 1 – sin2 = cos2 allows us to get
rid of the root sign because

77
Trigonometric Substitution
Notice the difference between the substitution u = a2 – x2 (in
which the new variable is a function of the old one) and the
substitution x = a sin (the old variable is a function of the
new one).

In general, we can make a substitution of the form x = g(t) by

using the Substitution Rule in reverse.

To make our calculations simpler, we assume that g has an

inverse function; that is, g is one-to-one.

78
Trigonometric Substitution
In this case, if we replace u by x and x by t in the
Substitution Rule, we obtain

This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution.

We can make the inverse substitution x = a sin  provided

that it defines a one-to-one function.

79
Trigonometric Substitution
This can be accomplished by restricting  to lie in the interval
[– /2,  /2].

In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that

are effective for the given radical expressions because of the
specified trigonometric identities.

80
Trigonometric Substitution
In each case the restriction on  is imposed to ensure that
the function that defines the substitution is one-to-one.

81
Example 1
Evaluate

Solution:
Let x = 3 sin , where – /2     /2. Then dx = 3 cos  d
and

(Note that cos   0 because – /2     /2.) 82

Example 1 – Solution
cont’d

Thus the Inverse Substitution Rule gives

83
Example 1 – Solution
cont’d

Since this is an indefinite integral, we must return to the

original variable x. This can be done either by using
trigonometric identities to express cot  in terms of
sin  = x/3 or by drawing a diagram, as in Figure 1,
where  is interpreted as an angle of a right triangle.

sin  =

Figure 1

84
Example 1 – Solution
cont’d

Since sin  = x/3, we label the opposite side and the

hypotenuse as having lengths x and 3.

Then the Pythagorean Theorem gives the length of the

adjacent side as so we can simply read the value of
cot  from the figure:

(Although  > 0 in the diagram, this expression for cot 

is valid even when   0.)

85
Example 1 – Solution
cont’d

Since sin  = x/3, we have  = sin–1(x/3) and so

86
Example 3
Find

Solution:
Let x = 2 tan , – /2 <  <  /2. Then dx = 2 sec2 d
and

= 2| sec  |

= 2 sec 

87
Example 3 – Solution
cont’d

Thus we have

To evaluate this trigonometric integral we put everything in

terms of sin  and cos  :

=
88
Example 3 – Solution
cont’d

Therefore, making the substitution u = sin , we have

89
Example 3 – Solution
cont’d

90
Example 3 – Solution
cont’d

We use Figure 3 to determine that csc  = and

so

Figure 3

91
Example 5
Evaluate where a > 0.

Solution 1:
We let x = a sec , where 0 <  <  /2 or  <  < 3 /2.

Then dx = a sec  tan  d and

92
Example 5 – Solution 1
cont’d

Therefore

93
Example 5 – Solution 1
cont’d

The triangle in Figure 4 gives tan  = so we have

Figure 4
94
Example 5 – Solution 1
cont’d

Writing C1 = C – In a, we have

95