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• Stone Age is a term used to describe a period of history

when stones were used to make tools for survival. It “conjures
an image of men and women dressed in skins, huddling
before a fire in a cave.”

• In order to talk about pre-historic art, there is a need to situate

them within the context of the three periods of the Stone Age
culture. These are Paleolithic (the late years of the Old Stone
Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), and the Neolithic (New
Stone Age).

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• The Stone Age has witnessed how humans were able to lead
more stable lives and eventually come up with permanent
shelters and tools for survival. Early humans also turned to the
creation of paintings and sculptures that depict humans, animals,
and their natural habitats in order to record the kind of lives
they led within the period of time.

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• Paleolithic Art is a product of climate change. As the climate got
colder, part of the early human’s instinct is to look for shelters
that would provide them with warmth. Caves became protective
havens for the early humans and these caves paved the way for
the birth of their attempts to create art.

• Although, most people would think that early humans were

primitive, some of their art techniques were considered
advanced for their time. Some of them already used their own
version of spray-painting techniques and worked with
foreshortening and contrasting lights and shadows which
created the illusion of three-dimensional forms.

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• It has developed especially when life for early humans has
become more stable. They have learned to cultivate the land
and the domesticate animals.

• Stonehenge is located in Southern England which was erected

during 4000 BCE. The purpose of this fascinating edifice
remains a mystery up to this day. Some think it as a temple
while others see it as a complex calendar that track the
movements of both the Sun and the Moon.

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• As the Neolithic Period drew to a close, it was evident that
different elements of civilization flourished in various parts of
the world. It is also notable that most early civilizations
emerged and flourished in river valleys: the Nile in Egypt,
Indus in India, Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia and
Huang Ho River in China.

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• The Fertile Ribbon starts from the banks of the Nile River,
which flows north to Africa and ventures into the
Mediterranean. It is in this ribbon where early Egyptians
recognized the integral role of Nile River to their daily lives.
This led to the belief that the Nile is to be worshipped as a
God. This is an evidence that art was something that can be
associated with religion.

• Egyptian Civilization can be divided into three periods: Old,

Middle and New Kingdom.

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• It was evident that religion was bound to afterlife. A
concrete manifestation of this would be the erection of tombs
which are not just for keeping the dead bodies of important
people, particularly the pharaohs; they also served as a shelter
for the next journey, which is the afterlife.

• One of the cosmetic palettes found in Egypt was called the

Narmer Palette. It was a palette that utilized and applied dark
colors around King Narmer’s eyes. The palette was also a
symbol that commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower
Egypt. Unification was significant as it marked the beginning of
their civilization.

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• At the back of the palette, King Narmer can be seen wearing
the crown of the Upper Egypt looking victorious over a slain
enemy. Narmer, being the subject is evidently larger than the
people around him which is a clear indication and his assertion
of his royal status. The front palette shows lion-like figures with
intertwined necks bound on leashes and tamed by two men.

• The Narmer Palette is one of the artifacts that emphasizes the

King’s supreme and absolute authority.

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• One of the architectural wonders was also constructed. The
Pyramids in Giza served as tombs since their main purpose was
provide a resting place for the pharaohs. These pyramids are
massive in size and were constructed using roughly more than
two million limestone blocks.

• The construction of the pyramids highlighted the ingenuity and

the advancement of the Egyptians for their time. The Egyptians
also ensured that the insides of the pyramids would celebrate
the life of their pharaoh by lavishly decorating them.

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• One of the key features of the Middle Kingdom is a shift
in the political hierarchy. There is an emergence of powerful
groups of landlords that threatened the authority and rule of
the pharaoh.

• Art during the Middle Kingdom had some references from the
Old Kingdom, however there were some experimentation in
terms of style that transpired during this period. Egyptians
made rock-cut tombs by carving out a living rock. The insides of
the tombs were still filled with chamber and the hallways were
lavishly decorated to celebrate the life of the deceased.

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• Egypt was not immune from foreign invaders and
eventually fell into the hands of the Hyksos. This Asiatic Tribe
introduced Bronze Age weapons and horses to the Egyptians.
When these foreign invaders were overthrown, the Egyptians
formed the New Kingdom.

• They started having mortuary temples which were carved

out of living rocks, served not only a sanctuary for the dead
but also a place of worship for the living.

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• After the New Kingdom, Egypt witnessed the Amarna
Revolution led by King Akhenaton and Queen Nefertiti. He
moved the capital to Tel El-Amarna, thus the name Amarna.
During his reign, King Armenhotep wanted to revolutionize the
arts and religion. During this period, the only God to be
revered was Aton (God of sun). Egypt became monotheistic as it
was ordered to tear down monuments of other Gods.

• During this period, most artists created artworks that are

natural and seemingly real, highlighting the features of their
subjects. Naturalism was not only used to depict the pharaoh
but also was used for members of the royal family.

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• Has a long and
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paint to theapplying
limestone.

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• One the
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the age of 18. Howard
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By: Ms. Josille
Marquez

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• Art has been an integral part in European history. From the time
of the ancient civilizations all the way to modern times, art has
been used to communicate ideologies and belief systems.

• There are different art movements that emerged within the

different time periods in Europe. Each movement has a
distinctive characteristic to them highlighting the different trends
and changes.

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• The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the
use of reason. For this civilization, man was the center of the
society and how they trained their minds could be the very
foundation of how they lived their lives. They are notably
passionate about natural phenomenon and believed that
nature should be in perfect order. These principles, belief
systems an ideologies are at the core of Greek art and
architecture.

• The development of Greek Art can be divided into four

periods: Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.

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• The Geometric period was a time when Greece was starting to
get back from onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark Ages.
It was a period when geometric shapes and patterns have
taken the spotlight in most of the artworks.

• The Archaic period placed importance on human figures.

This was primarily a result of Greece’s trading activities with
other civilizations.

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• The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture was during
the Classical period. It was during this time when the Greeks
found themselves rebuilding their temples and focusing on
creating artworks.

• The time of Alexander the Great was called the Hellenistic

Period. Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and
depicting reality. Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize
balance while showcasing dynamic poses and a number of
emotions evoked by the subjects.

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• This depicts Lacoon,
a
Trojan priest and his
sons
being strangled
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e
emphasized the wor
wherein
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• The origins of theater and drama can be traced back
during the Greek civilization. The followers of Dionysus-the
God of fertility- started the Greek theater. People who were
devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while
giving their offerings to their God. It devised a more
structured form of drama involving dances and choral songs,
which depicted Greek mythologies.

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• The Roman republic was established around 500 BCE. This
civilization eventually transformed into one of Western Europe’s
mightiest empires. Roman civilization came of age during the
Hellenistic Period. The Romans were fond of the Greeks and
their achievements in the arts as Greeks’ culture influences the
Mediterranean world.

• The fusion of Greek and Romans cultures can be seen in Roman

artworks. Romans produced artworks that are often looking stern,
harsh and strong. They also invoked the principles of realism in
most of their works, highlighting the features of human beings.
They were also known to be master builders, which earned their
reputation for grand monuments and architectural infrastructures.
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• One of their architectural achievements would have to be the
Colosseum. This amphitheater was planned and constructed
during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of its main uses
was for entertainment purposes like public events and gladiator
games. This structure was a concrete manifestation of Roman
builders’ craftsmanship which focused on logical organization of
the entire edifice.

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• Just like the
Greeks, Romans
valued their gods and
this was evident with
their sculptures and
artworks.

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• It was the period between the decline of the Roman
Empire and the Renaissance. It was a period that is
characterized by ignorance and darkness. Another dominant
characteristic of the period was that the Church was the
central figure and the authority of the period.

• Since the church was the most important figure, the most
important products of the early Middle Ages would have to be
copied of the Christian scriptures. Printing press came later
after the Middle Ages, so copies of the scriptures with
illustrations and decorations highlighting the religious focus of
the period were done by hand.

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• Great cathedrals were built during this period. These
cathedrals can be categorized into two periods: Romanesque
(1050-1200), inspired by the old Roman Empire; and Gothic
(1200-1500) which had a more northern flavor from the Goths-
vulgar and barbarian.

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• During this period, artists valued the “individual” as a
subject of arts. The influence of humanism shifted the focus of
some artworks during the Renaissance period to empower the
“individual”.

• Most artwork emphasized naturalism, which was an influenced

of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the
proportionality of the human body.

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• Most artists also added perspective of depth wherein
spaces were explored in different artworks. This technique
provided a three-dimensional perspective of most
Renaissance paintings. Renaissance artists also gave
importance to non-religious themes or subjects.

• There was also a revival of Roman theatrical plays. These

plays were performed during special occasions at the courts
of Italian princes. Aside from song and dance numbers, they
invested in elaborate stages and costumes for the actors.

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• This is
sculpture
example of
humanism an
was dominant ho
syste
belief m w
during the Renaissance
wherein there is an a
emphasis on the details
of the body of the
human being.

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• It was a period in art history, which was a product of the
Renaissance Period. During the Renaissance, artists would
observe nature and try their best to emulate it based on their
observations.

• Artists started directly copying subjects from existing works of

arts. Most artworks displayed distorted figures, two-
dimensional spaces, discordant hues and colors and lack of
defined focal point.

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• The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term
barocco which means “irregularly shaped pearl”. This period
was a response to Pretestantism.

• A lot of artists have developed styles and techniques different

from their Renaissance predecessors. Most artists used colorful
palettes and ornamentations in their works.

• Music also flourished during the Baroque period. This is

because people believed that music could serve as powerful
tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain feelings
among its listeners.

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• Baroque music was able to distinguish clearly loud from
soft and solo from ensemble. Most composers of music come
from Italy. The influence of Baroque music spread outside Italy
and reached other parts of Europe. Since Baroque composers
tried to evoke certain emotions from their audience, they
began to make more complex musical compositions and
performances which was only limited to powerful institutions
like the Church and individuals like the patrons and thus,
would be made accessible only to the middle class and the
masses.

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• A painting by Titian
located at Venice, Italy.
The biblical event in the
painting shows how the
Baroque period reverted
to having religious
subjects in their works.

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• It was a movement in Europe that transpired during the
late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was the dominant art
movement that time which basically aimed to revive and
rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and
architecture.

• Some historians say that this movement was a reaction to the

artworks produced during the Baroque Period. There was a call
to veer away from such extravagance in terms of style and
form of the Baroque Period.

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• It is an art whic used the themes of
Neoclassicist
movement asha springboard.
central Romanticists
highlighted
artworks heroic elements
have into their work. Revolutionary
movement such as French Revolution became the focal point of
most Romantic works.

• The major and central themes of Romanticism movement include

the emphasis on the goodness of mankind. Most works also
promoted justice, equality and social order. They also
emphasized emotions and feelings of man.

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• It is a style of work focuses on the accuracy of details that
depicts and somehow mirrors reality. There is a little room for
imagination since emphasis is placed in observable traits that
can concretize through artworks.

• This movement expanded and widened existing notions of

what can be considered as art. Since artists worked within the
context of revolutions and social change, artistic works began
to depict a real-life events. This movement also reexamined
existing belief systems and traditions.

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• This movement started in France, which led to a break from
the tradition in European painting. It is a style in painting that
emerged in the mid-to late 1800s.

• Impressionist artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve

a more distinct representation of color. It allows the artist to
emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular
event or scene. The said impression is communicated through
the brushstrokes, distinction of colors and the lights and shadows
used by the artist.

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• Impressionist artist
started art
moving
outdoors which aimed to
include the shifting light
they wanted to capture
in their works. This
Morisot’s artwork is one
of the first few “open
air” paintings under the
Impressionism
movement.
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• An art movement that emerged in France, which is a result
of both the influence and rejection of Impressionism as most of
the artists started as an impressionist but later on saw the
flaws and limitations of impressionism.

• This style gave emphasis to defining from with the use of

broken colors and short brush stroke. Some of the famous
artists include Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin
and Vincent van Gogh.

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• It is an art movement that is considered as a response to
empirical realism of impressionism. Most painters under this
movement rely on a systematic and scientific techniques that
have a predetermined visual effects not only on the artwork
itself but also how the audience perceive the art.

• The leading figure under this movement was Georges

Seurat who recorded optical sensations on a more scientific
manner. His color theories paved the way for the technique
called pointillism. This technique utilizes discrete dots and
dashes of pure color.

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• An art style emerged between 1890 and 1910. This
ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative
historicism, which was the prevailing and dominant theme of
most Western artworks.

• This style uses long and organic lines that are concretely
manifested in architecture, jewelry and glass design. In most
works, the defining characteristic of Art Nouveau is the
asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect wings or
flower stalks.

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• A style of painting that emerged in France around the turn
of the 20th century. They used pure and vibrant colors by
applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the canvas.
They painted directly from nature.

• Most fauvist works reject the conservative and traditional

renderings of three-dimensional space. What artists did was
they introduced and promoted a picture space that is defined
by the movement of color.

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• A new visual arts style introduced by Pablo Picasso and
Georges Braque between 1907 and 1914. Cubists
highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane.

• Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of the dominant

techniques like the use of perspective, foreshortening and
modeling. Existing and prevailing notion that art should
imitate nature is also one of the rejections of Cubism.

• They emphasized that they are not obliged to copy

texture, form, color and space.
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• An art movement that started in Italy in early 20th Century. It
highlighted the speed, energy, and power of machines.
Common themes for works in this movement are restlessness and
the fast- pace of modern life. Its greatest impact is evident in
poetry and visual arts.

• Italian poet and editor Filippon Tommaso Marinetti coined

the term “futurism” to reflect his purpose of disregarding the
traditional methods of the art in the past.

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