INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences

Chapter 11
Differentiation

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Chapter 11: Differentiation

Chapter Objectives
• To compute derivatives by using the limit
definition.
• To develop basic differentiation rules.
• To interpret the derivative as an instantaneous
rate of change.
• To apply the product and quotient rules.
• To apply the chain rule.

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Chapter 11: Differentiation

Chapter Outline
11.1) The Derivative
11.2) Rules for Differentiation
11.3) The Derivative as a Rate of Change
11.4) The Product Rule and the Quotient Rule
11.5) The Chain Rule and the Power Rule

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Chapter 11: Differentiation

11.1 The Derivative

• Tangent line at a point:

• The slope of a curve at P is the slope of the

tangent line at P.
• The slope of the tangent line at (a, f(a)) is
f z   f a  f a  h   f a 
mtan  lim  lim
z a za h 0 h
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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.1 The Derivative

Example 1 – Finding the Slope of a Tangent Line

Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve y = f(x)

= x2 at the point (1, 1).
f 1  h   f 1 1  h   1
2 2
Solution: Slope = lim  lim 2
h 0 h h 0 h
• The derivative of a function f is the function
denoted f’ and defined by

f z   f x  f x  h   f x 
f ' x   lim  lim
zx zx h 0 h

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.1 The Derivative
Example 3 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line
If f (x) = 2x2 + 2x + 3, find an equation of the tangent
line to the graph of f at (1, 7).
Solution:
f ' x   lim
f x  h   f x 
 lim
2x  h   2x  h   3  2 x 2  2 x  3 
2

 4x  2
h 0 h h 0 h

Slope  f ' 1  41  2  6

y  7  6x  1
Equation 
y  6x  1

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.1 The Derivative
Example 5 – A Function with a Vertical Tangent Line
Find d
dx
 x .

Solution:
d
dx
  x  lim
h 0
xh  x
h

1
2 x

Example 7 – Continuity and Differentiability

a. For f(x) = x2, it must be continuous for all x.
b. For f(p) =(1/2)p, it is not continuous at p = 0, thus
the derivative does not exist at p = 0.

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Chapter 11: Differentiation

11.2 Rules for Differentiation

• Rules for Differentiation:
RULE 1 Derivative of a Constant:
d
c   0
dx
RULE 2 Derivative of xn:

dx
 
d n
x  nx n 1

RULE 3 Constant Factor Rule:

d
cf x   cf ' x 
dx
RULE 4 Sum or Difference Rule
d
  f x   g x   f ' x   g ' x 
dx
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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.2 Rules for Differentiation

Example 1 – Derivatives of Constant Functions

d
a. 3  0
dx

b. If g x   5 , then g ' x   0.

c. If s t   1,938,623  807.4
, then ds
dt
0.

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.2 Rules for Differentiation

Example 3 – Rewriting Functions in the Form xn

Differentiate the following functions:
Solution:
a. y  x
dy 1 1/ 2 1 1
 x 
dx 2 2 x
1
b. hx  
x x

h' x  
dx
x 
d 3 / 2 3
 3
  x 3 / 2 1   x 5 / 2
2 2

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.2 Rules for Differentiation

Example 5 – Differentiating Sums and Differences of Functions

Differentiate the following functions:

a. F x   3 x 5  x

F ' x  
d
dx
3 x 5  d x1/ 2 
dx
  21 x   15 x
 3 5x 4  1 / 2 4

1
2 x
z4 5
b. f z    1/ 3
4 z
d  z4  d  5 
f ' z      
dz  4  dz  z1/ 3 


1
4
   1  5
4z 3  5  z  4 / 3   z 3  z  4 / 3
 3  3

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.2 Rules for Differentiation
Example 5 – Differentiating Sums and Differences of Functions

c. y  6 x 3  2 x 2  7 x  8
dy d d d d
 6 (x3 )  2 (x2 )  7 (x)  (8 )
dx dx dx dx dx
 18 x 2  4 x  7

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.2 Rules for Differentiation

Example 7 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line

Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve
3x 2  2
y
x
when x = 1.

Solution: The slope

y
3 xequation
2
2 is
  3 x  2 x 1
x x
dy
 3  2 x 2
dx
dy
 3  21  5
2

dx
When x = 1, x 1

y  1  5x  1
The equation is y  5 x  4
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Chapter 11: Differentiation

11.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

• Average velocity is given by v ave  s  f t  t   f t 
t t
f t  t   f t 
• Velocity at time t is given by v  lim
t 0 t

Example 1 – Finding Average Velocity and Velocity

Suppose the position function of an object moving
along a number line is given by s = f(t) = 3t2 + 5,
where t is in seconds and s is in meters.
a. Find the average velocity over the interval [10,
10.1].
b. Find the velocity when t = 10.

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change
Example 1 – Finding Average Velocity and Velocity

Solution:
a. When t = 10,
s f t  t   f t 
v  ave 
t t
f 10  0.1  f 10  f 10.1  f 10  311 .03  305
    60.3 m/s
0 .1 0.1 0 .1
b. Velocity at time t is given by
ds
v  6t
dt
When t = 10, the velocity is
ds
 610   60m/s
dt t 10
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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change
average rate of change of y
• If y = f(x), y  f x  x   f x   with respect to x over the
x x interval from x to x  x
then 

dy y instantaneous rate of change of

 lim 
dx x 0 x  y with respect to x

Example 3 – Finding a Rate of Change

Find the rate of change of y = x4 with respect to x,
and evaluate it when x = 2 and when x = −1.
Solution:
dy
The rate of change is dx  4x 3
.

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

Example 5 – Rate of Change of Volume

A spherical balloon is being filled with air. Find the
rate of change of the volume of air in the balloon with
respect to its radius. Evaluate this rate of change
when the radius is 2 ft.
Solution: Rate of change of V with respect to r is
dV 4
dr
 
  3r 2  4r 2
3
3
When r = 2 ft, dV ft
 4 2  16
2

dr r 2 ft

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

Applications of Rate of Change to Economics

• Total-cost function is c = f(q).
dc
• Marginal cost is defined as .
dq
• Total-revenue function is r = f(q).
dr
• Marginal revenue is defined as dq .

Relative and Percentage Rates of Change

f ' x 
• The relative rate of change of f(x) is .
f x 
• The percentage rate of change of f (x) is
f ' x 
100%
f x 

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

Example 7 – Marginal Cost

If a manufacturer’s average-cost equation is
5000
c  0.0001q 2  0.02q  5 
q
find the marginal-cost function. What is the marginal
cost when 50 units are produced?
 5000 
Solution: The cost is c  q c  q 
 0 . 0001q 2
 0 . 02q  5  
 q 
 0.0001q 3  0.02q 2  5q  5000
Marginal cost when q = 50,
dc
 0.0003q 2  0.04q  5
dq
dc
 0.000350   0.0450   5  3.75
2

dq q 50
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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

Example 9 – Relative and Percentage Rates of Change

Determine the relative and percentage rates of
change of
y  f x   3 x 2  5 x  25
when x = 5.
Solution: f ' x   6 x  5
f ' 5   65   5  25
f ' 5  25
% change    0.333  33.3%
f 5  75

11.4 The Product Rule and the Quotient Rule

The Product Rule
d
f x g x   f ' x g x   f x g ' x 
dx
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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.4 The Product and Quotient Rule

Example 1 – Applying the Product Rule

Find F’(x).

F x   x 2  3 x 4 x  5 
 d 2
F ' x     
   d

x  3 x 4 x  5   x  3 x  4 x  5 
2 
 dx   dx 
 
 2 x  3 4 x  5   x 2  3 x 4   12 x 2  34 x  15

Example 3 – Differentiating a Product of Three Factors

Find y’.
y  ( x  2)( x  3)( x  4)
 d   d 
y '   x  2x  3 x  4   x  2x  3  x  4 
 dx   dx 
 3 x 2  18 x  26
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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.4 The Product and Quotient Rule

The Quotient Rule

d  f x   g x f ' x   f x g ' x 
  
dx  g x   g x 2

Example 5 – Applying the Quotient Rule

4x 2  3
If F x   , find F’(x).
2x  1
2x  1 4 x  3  4 x  3 2x  1
d 2 2 d
Solution: F ' x   dx dx
2x  12
2 x  18 x   4 x 2  3 2 22 x  12 x  3 
 
2x  1 2
2x  12

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.4 The Product and Quotient Rule

Example 7 – Differentiating Quotients without Using the Quotient Rule

Differentiate the following functions.

3 5x 2  3x 1
a. f x  
2x c. f x    5 x  3 
5 4x 4
1 5
  f ' x   5  
2
2 6 x
f ' x   3 x 2  4 4
5 5

b. f x  
7x
4
3
4 3
 x
7
 
4

f ' x    3 x   4
7
4 12
7x


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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.4 The Product and Quotient Rule

Consumption Function
dC
Marginal propensity to consume 
dI
Marginal propensity to save  1 - Marginal propensity to consume

Example 9 – Finding Marginal Propensities to Consume and to Save

If the consumption function is given by C

5 2 I3  3 
I  10
determine the marginal propensity to consume and
the marginal propensity to save when I = 100.
Solution:
dC

  d
  
I  10 2I 3 / 2  3  2 I 3  3
dI
d
dI
 
I  10 
   
 I  10 3I 1/ 2  3  2 I 3  3 1 
 5   5 
dI 

I  10
2



 I  10
2 

 
dC  1297 
 5   0.536
dI I 100  12100 
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Chapter 11: Differentiation

11.5 The Chain Rule

Chain Rule: dy  dy  du
dx du dx

Power Rule:
d n
dx
u  nu n 1 du

dx
 

Example 1 – Using the Chain Rule

a. If y = 2u2 − 3u − 2 and u = x2 + 4, find dy/dx.
Solution:
dy dy du
 
dx du dx du

d
2u  3u  2 
2 d 2
dx

x 4   
 4u  3 2 x 
dy
dx
    
 4 x 2  4  3 2 x   4 x 2  13 2 x   8 x 3  26 x

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.5 The Chain Rule and the Power Rule
Example 1 – Using the Chain Rule

b. If y = √w and w = 7 − t3, find dy/dt.

Solution: dy  d w 1/ 2  d 7  t 3 
dt dw dt
3t 2 3t 2
 
2 w 2 7  t3

Example 3 – Using the Power Rule

If y = (x3 − 1)7, find y’.
Solution: y '  7 x 3
 17 1 d
x 3
 1
dx

 7 x  1 3x
3
    21x x
6 2 2 2

1
6

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Chapter 11: Differentiation
11.5 The Chain Rule and the Power Rule

Example 5 – Using the Power Rule

1
If y  2 , find dy/dx.
x 2

Solution:
dy
  1 x 2  2
11 d
x2  2   2x
 
dx dx x 2
2 2
 
Example 7 – Differentiating a Product of Powers
If y  x  4  3 x  5 4 , find y’.
2 5

Solution: y '  x  4
d
dx

3 x  5  3 x  5
4 2 4 d

5

dx
x 4
2 5
   
 2

 12 x  4 3 x  5   10 x 3 x  5  x  4
5 3
4 2

4

2 x 4  2
 3 x  5 21x
4 3 2
 25 x  24 
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