CVS Physiology

Elnagi Yousif Hago

Lecturer Of Physiology

Control of
arterial blood
pressure

Faculty Of Medicine Dept.Of Physiology

 Circulation

■ Pulmonary circulation:
Blood pumped from
RV through the lungs
& back to the heart.
■ Systemic circulation:
Oxygen-rich blood
pumped to all organ
systems to supply
nutrients.
 Circulation

 The Rt atrium receives the deoxygenated

blood from SVC and IVC veins and
through the tricuspid valves to the Rt
ventricle,
 Rt ventricle receives the deoxygenated
blood and eject it to the pulmonary
artery through pulmonary valve.
 Pulmonary artery carry blood to lungs
where blood is oxygenated.
 Oxygenated blood go to the left atrium
by pulmonary vein and then to Lt
ventricle through the mitral valve,
 Lt ventricle received the oxygenated
blood from Lt atrium and then to the
Aorta through aortic valve to the whole
 Blood Vessels
 Heart pumps blood
into vessels that
vary in structure,
size and function.

 Types of blood
vessels:
 1. arteries
 2. veins
 3. capillaries
 Blood Vessels
 Arteries:
 They are the most muscular vessels that transport the oxygenated
blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They have elastic
tissues and capable of relaxation and contraction, so called
resistant vessels.
 Veins:
 They have less muscles than arteries and it retains deoxygenated
blood to the heart. and they have valves to prevent back flow of
the blood. They contain 60%of blood volume, so called capacity
vessels.
 Capillaries:
 They form a vast net work of tiny vessels which link the smallest
arterioles to the smallest venules. They are the site of exchange of
substances between blood and the tissue fluids, so called exchange
vessels
 Control of blood vessels

 The muscular layer is innervated by sympathetic nervous system.

 Nerve stimulation cause: vasoconstriction , smaller the lumen
increase resistance, so increase BP.

 Decrease nerve stimulation cause small muscle relaxation enlarge

the lumen reduce resistance and reduce BP. This called
vasodilatation.

 Local factors also can affect blood vessels

 status:
 Temperature
 Local metabolites
 Blood volume
The blood pressure

 Definition :-
 The systolic pressure is the maximum pressure
in arteries during systole of the heart.
 Ranges between 110 – 140 mmHg in normal
adults .
 The diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure
in arteries during diastole of the heart.
 Ranges between 70 – 90 mmHg in normal
adults.
 The pulse pressure: is the difference between
the systolic & diastolic pressure.
 The mean arterial pressure: is the mean
pressure during the cardiac cycle.
 It equals the diastolic + 1/3 of the pulse
pressure.
 Example: if the blood pressure of a subject =
120/80.
 The systolic pressure = 120mmHg.
 The diastolic = 80 mmHg.
 The pulse pressure = 120-80 = 40 mmHg.
 The mean arterial pressure = 80+(1/3 x 40)
=93 mmHg.
Control of blood pressure

 BP = cardiac output x peripheral

resistance.
 The blood pressure is controlled by controlling
the cardiac output & the peripheral resistance
through the following mechanisms:
Control of Blood Pressure

Controlling cardiac output and peripheral resistance regulates blood

pressure
Components of baroreceptor reflex

Afferent
Baroreceptor

Efferent

Vasoconstriction
Heart rate
Aortic arch baroreceptor Carotid sinus baroreceptor

Internal carotid artery

Common carotid artery

Very rapid mechanism

 Neural mechanism that act in second.

 Include :
 The baroreceptors: which stimulated by
hypertension.
 The chemoreceptors: stimulated by
chemical changes in the blood due to
hypotension.
Regulation of Cardiac Cycle
Autonomic nerve impulses alter the activities of the S-A
and A-V nodes
Control of Blood Pressure
If blood pressure rises, baroreceptors initiate the cardioinhibitory reflex, which
lowers the blood pressure
Control of Blood Pressure
Dilating arterioles helps regulate blood pressure
Less rapid mechanisms

 Hormonal mechanisms that act in minutes.

 Include hormones that cause vasoconstriction
like ADH, angiotensin II and catecholamines.
 Secretion of these hormones is stimulated by
hypotension.
Long term mechanisms

 Take days to act.

 Include factors that increase blood volume by:
 Reabsorption of water in the kidney by ADH.
 Reabsorption of sodium, followed by water, in
the kidney by aldosterone hormone.
 Excretion of sodium followed by water, by
atrial natriuretic peptide hormone.
 Drinking of water due to stimulation of the
thirst center.
Factors Determining Blood
Pressure

Figure 11.19
 Measuring Blood pressure

Direct method
Indirect method
)intra arterial cannula(

Palpatory Auscultatory
method method
 140
Auscultatory method
120
Mercury 100
monometer 90
80 Sphygmomanometer
60
40
20

stethoscope
pump

cuff
 Systolic pressure
140

120
100
90
80
60
40
Diastolic pressure
20
 Palpatory method
140 pulse disappears
(A)

120
Mercury 100
monometer 90
80
60 pulse reappears
(B)
40
20 A + B
Systolic pressure =

cuff
Measuring Arterial Blood
Pressure

Figure 11.18
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