. . . to practice without a theory is to sail an uncharted sea; theory without practice is not to set sail at all . . .

Anonymous

Mobile Sensor Networks: Contributions and Further Development

MAXIMILIAN NICOLAE, PHD

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Outline

Objectives Introduction

Contributions
Future research themes Conclusion

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Objectives

to present a feasibility plan for future research topics in MSN field. an infrastructure for developing a lot of new applications as

products and, especially, services.

the considered approach was and remains based on both development strategies:

the top-down (or demand driven)

the bottom-up (or resource driven).

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Introduction (I)

Wireless sensor network

Spatially distributed sensors

Autonomous devices
Cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions

Temperature Sound Vibration Pressure Motion Pollutants

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Introduction (II)

Mobile Sensor Networks do not have a fixed structured topology. The nodes come online at arbitrary positions and at arbitrary moments in time. Also, during functioning, nodes can change position or go off-line abruptly.

Constraints:

Size and weight Very long battery life A cost as low as possible

Bill of Materials (BOM)

Designing cost: Non-recurring engineering (NRE), Time-to-market, Project risks, Level of familiarization with the technology.

Scalable Functionality (Data Acquisition and Processing, Communication)

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Introduction (III)

The Emerging Information and Communication Technology (EICT) landscape will include:

Autonomic Communication Bio-Inspired Communication System Pervasive Computing and Communications Artificial Intelligence and Natural Cognition Virtual Reality Ambient Environments Nanoscale Materials The Disappearing Computer

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Network Architecture

NMN - network management node IMN - intelligent mobile node REF reference system for tracking and localization IVN - interactive visualization node (mobile type)

Fig.1 Mobile sensor network architecture

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Processing level (I)

Existing architectures:

ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit designing a chip for this

particular task gives the best performance, but is very limiting regarding
the flexibility and has a very slow time to market

FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array the performance offered is close to ASIC without the delays and costs associated with re-spinning an ASIC. The down side is that FPGAs are almost as complex to design as ASICs and even a small change can result in a complete re-layout

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Processing level (II)

ASSP Application-Specific Standard Products these are ASICs that can serve a wide market and while these are low cost because of the high volumes they still lack flexibility

GPP General Purpose Processors typically offer a moderately efficient multiplication instruction that takes several cycles to complete and as a result this makes them improper for signal processing

DSP Digital Signal Processor the programmable flexibility enables developers to implement complex algorithms, even emerging codecs without hardware redesign
UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

Processing level (III)

a majority of signal processing functions multiply two series of numbers and sum the results:

result = x1 * c1 + x2 * c2 + x3 * c3 xn * cn

DSPs offer many architectural features that actually reduce the number of instructions necessary for efficient signal processing.

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Communication level (I)

Bluetooth UWB ZigBee 802.11a/b/g Proprietary ISM WiMAX (802.16a) WiBro (Mobile WiMAX - 802.16e) 2G/2.5G/3G (GSM/GPRS/ EDGE/ HSDPA) Cellular Network 900MHz/ 1800MHz TDMA/ FDMA/ CDMA FDD 8/ 15-50 200KHz 5MHz GMSK/ 8PSK/QPSK/ OQPSK 14.4kbits/s 115kbit/s 384kbits/s 10.8Mbiti/s IP Yes Monthly Charge Yes Typical Range Frequency Range <30m 2,4GHz <10m 3.1-10GHz 70-300m 868/915MHz 2.4GHz TDMA FDD 255 100m 2.4GHz b/g 5.8GHz a CSMA/CA TDD 127 FHSS:1MHz DSSS:25MHz OFDM:20MHz OFDM, 64QAM, 16QAM, etc 10km 868/915MHz 2.4GHz FHSS FDD/TDD variable 50Km 2-11Ghz TDMA/ OFDMA TDD/FDD variable 50Km 2.3-2.4 GHz

Multiple Access Method Duplex Method Users per Channel

Adaptive FHSS TDD 7 active, 200Inactive 1MHz GFSK/ DQPSK/ D8PSK 1/2/3Mbit/s P2P No Free Yes

OFDM/ DS-UWB TDD -

OFDMA TDD variable

Channel Spacing

5MHz

20/25/28 MHz

9MHz

Modulation

OFDM

GFSK/ O-QPSK

256QAM

4/16/64 QAM

Peak Data Rate Network Type Internet Access Cost of Data Energy consumption optimization

480Mbits/s P2P No Free Yes

250kbps Mesh No Free Yes

54Mbps IP&P2P Yes Free No

256kbps P2P No Free Yes

70Mbits/s IP Yes Free No

18Mbit/s IP Yes Free Yes

Application

Cable replacement

Sync or Transmission of video/audio data

Sensor networks

LAN, Internet

Point to point connectivity

Metro area broadband Internet connectivity

Mobile metro area broadband Internet connectivity

Cellular telephones and telemetry

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Communication level (II)

Fig. 2. Wireless technologies segmentation

Table 1 Low power wireless technologies

Range Low Data rate Low High ZigBee UWB Wide GSM(GPRS)

WiBro, GSM(HSDPA)

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Communication level (III)

Measuring the energy efficiency

energy bit

VS.

energy useful _ bit

Cognitiv Radio (CR) and IEEE 802.22 (WRAN)

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Contribution (I)

Design and develop of an architecture which integrates DSP, video codec, SDRAM and Flash memories, all operating at high frequency (up to 200Mhz). Based on this implementation, efficient code was developed which had to exploit the complex architecture of the DSP.

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Contribution (II)
Help Centre (Hospital/Local authorities) Assisted person i Primary care level

Identify and propose architecture of MSN for homecare monitoring. Based on experience with different technologies the contributions were related to infrastructure selection and optimizing the distribution of tasks between nodes attached to the patients (mobile) and fixed nodes.

Communication

Smart house j

Emergency

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Contribution (III)

Application for simulating the entire network

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Future research themes (I)

Ultrasonic data transmission and localization

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Future research themes (II)

Nodes localization through inertial techniques

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Future research themes (III)

MSN as an Infrastructure for IoT and IoS

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Conclusion

Developing infrastructure for the nearest future will be only for those who are able to cross a technological threshold (access to

technologies like miniaturizing and battery capacity).

The current ease of software development comes from using operation systems which in order to offer an easy interface for

developers tend to waste energy. It will not be possible to abstract

in such a manner that solution from one case to be easily adapted to other.
UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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Questions

UNITE Doctoral Symposium. June 27-28 2011, BUCURETI

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