Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WeeK09-Wireless and Mobile Networking
WeeK09-Wireless and Mobile Networking
WK09
Chapter 6
Wireless and Mobile Networks
Chapter 6
Wireless and
Mobile Networks
network
infrastructure
200 802.11n
1 802.15
no base station, no
connection to larger
no no base station, no
Internet. May have to
infrastructure connection to larger
relay to reach other
Internet (Bluetooth,
a given wireless node
ad hoc nets)
MANET, VANET
BER
10-4
SNR versus BER tradeoffs
given physical layer: increase 10-5
A B C
C
space
Hidden terminal problem
B, A hear each other Signal attenuation:
B, C hear each other B, A hear each other
A, C can not hear each other B, C hear each other
means A, C unaware of their A, C can not hear each other
interference at B interfering at B
M
Di = S Zi,m.cm
m=1
M
received 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d0 = 1
input -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 d1 = -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Sender 2
802.11b 802.11a
5-6 GHz range
2.4-5 GHz unlicensed spectrum
up to 54 Mbps
up to 11 Mbps
802.11g
direct sequence spread 2.4-5 GHz range
spectrum (DSSS) in physical up to 54 Mbps
layer 802.11n: multiple antennae
all hosts use same chipping 2.4-5 GHz range
code up to 200 Mbps
BSS 2
Wireless, Mobile Networks
6-22
802.11: Channels, association
802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11
channels at different frequencies
AP admin chooses frequency for AP
interference possible: channel can be same as that
chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP
scans channels, listening for beacon frames
containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address
selects AP to associate with
may perform authentication [Chapter 8]
will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s
subnet
1
1 1 2 2 AP 2
AP 1 AP 2 AP 1
2 3
3 4
H1 H1
A B C
C
space
RTS(A) RTS(B)
reservation collision
RTS(A)
CTS(A) CTS(A)
DATA (A)
defer
time
ACK(A) ACK(A)
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
Internet
H1 R1 router
802.3 frame
802.11 frame
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Rsvd
version AP AP frag mgt data
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
10-2
base station, mobile 10-3
dynamically change
BER
10-4
transmission rate 10-5
master/slaves: S S P
slaves request permission to P
send (to master)
master grants requests
802.15: evolved from M Master device
Bluetooth specification
S Slave device
2.4-2.5 GHz radio band
P Parked device (inactive)
up to 721 kbps
Legend
Mobile subscribers
G Public
SGSN Internet
Key insight: new cellular data
network operates in parallel GGSN
(except at edge) with existing
cellular voice network Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
voice network unchanged in core
data network operates in parallel Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
G Public
SGSN Internet
GGSN
radio interface
(WCDMA, HSPA)
radio access network core network public
Universal Terrestrial Radio General Packet Radio Service Internet
Access Network (UTRAN) (GPRS) Core Network
wide area
network
permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
wide area
network
1
2
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on
agent home: “this mobile is entering visited
resident in my network” network
end result:
foreign agent knows about mobile
home agent knows location of mobile
Wireless, Mobile Networks
6-49
Mobility via indirect routing
foreign agent
receives packets,
home agent intercepts forwards to mobile
packets, forwards to visited
foreign agent network
home
network
3
wide area
network
2
1
correspondent 4
addresses packets
mobile replies
using home address of
directly to
mobile
correspondent
3
1 2
4
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by
correspondent
R bit: registration
required type = 16 length sequence #
RBHFMGV
registration lifetime reserved
bits mobility agent
advertisement
0 or more care-of- extension
addresses
registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7 registration reply
MA: 128.119.40.186 HA: 128.119.40.7
Lifetime: 4999 MA: 128.119.40.186
Identification: 714 Lifetime: 4999
encapsulation format Identification: 714
…. ….
time
recall: correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
1 call routed
to home network
3 Public
VLR switched
Mobile
telephone
Switching
network
Center
4
home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call
to MSC in visited network
mobile
user MSC in visited network completes
visited call through base station to mobile
network
Visited System Network other than home system where mobile Visited
user is currently residing network
Visited Mobile Visited MSC: responsible for setting up calls Foreign agent
services Switching to/from mobile nodes in cells associated with
Center. MSC. VLR: temporary database entry in visited
Visitor Location system, containing subscription information for
Record (VLR) each visiting mobile user
Wireless Mobility
wireless links: principles: addressing,
capacity, distance routing to mobile users
channel impairments home, visited networks
CDMA direct, indirect routing
IEEE 802.11 (“Wi-Fi”) care-of-addresses
CSMA/CA reflects case studies
wireless channel mobile IP
characteristics mobility in GSM
cellular access impact on higher-layer
architecture protocols
standards (e.g., GSM, 3G,
4G LTE)