independent

词根 pend ， pens
1. = to hang 悬挂
2. = to weigh 称重量，称银子 ，引申为“花费”

复数： independents
比较级： more independent
最高级： most independent
派生词： independently adv.
independence n.

Going away to college has made me much more independent.

离家上大学使我变得独立自主得多。
focus
第三人称单数： focuses
现在分词： focusing
过去式 /adj. ： focused
过去分词： focused

focus (sth) (on/upon sb/sth)

集中（注意力、精力等于）

The discussion focused on three main problems.

讨论集中在三个主要问题上。

The visit helped to focus world attention on the plight of the refugees.
这次访问促使全世界关注难民困境。
detail
第三人称单数： details
复数： details
detailed adj.
detailedly adv.

de 加强 + tail 剪，割，切 → 不断往下切分 → 细节

I can't remember every little detail.

我记不住每一个微小的细节
as a result of
These data show that most cancers are detected as a result of clinical
follow-up.
这些数据表明多数癌症是由临床随访查出的。

Many seabirds died as a result of the oil spill.

许多海鸟死于这次石油泄漏。
tip
第三人称单数： tips
复数： tips

tip (on/for sth)

tip (on/for doing sth)
指点；实用的提示

handy tips for buying a computer

购买电脑几点有用的提示

useful tips on how to save money

几个省钱的窍门儿
base
词根 bas= low, foundation 低 , 下；基础

第三人称单数： bases
复数： bases
派生词： basely adv.
based adj.

base sth on/upon sth

以…为基础（或根据）

What are you basing this theory on?

你这种理论的根据是什么？
remind
reminder n.
remind sb of sb/sth
使想起（类似的人、地方、事物等）

You remind me of your father when you say that.

你说这样的话，使我想起了你的父亲。
stick to

Stick to your principles and tell him you won't do it.

要恪守自己的原则，告诉他你绝不会干的。
proposal
复数： proposals

pro 前 + pos 放，放置 + al 表行为 → 向前放 → 提议

propose v.
proposed adj.

~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…)

提议；建议；动议

They judged that the time was right for the proposal of new terms for
the trade agreement.
aim
第三人称单数： aims
复数： aims

aim for
以…为目标

aim to
旨在

aim at
style
第三人称单数： styles
复数： styles
同义词： model

style sth/yourself on sth/sb

模仿…的风格（或举止、外观）

a coffee bar styled on a Parisian cafe

仿照巴黎咖啡馆而设计的一家咖啡馆
technique
词根 techn(o)= art, skill 技艺 , 技术
复数： techniques
technical adj.
technically adv.

His technique is almost perfect.

他的技巧近乎完美。

Their technique is simple enough: they smile at people.

他们所需要的技能很简单：微笑对人。
workshop
复数： workshops

Please take this study material with you to the workshop.

你顺便把这份学习材料带到车间去吧。

The training programme takes the form of a series of workshops.

培训课程采取一系列研讨会的形式。
professional
复数： professionals

Most of the people on the course were professional women.

参加本课程的大多数人是职业女性。
material
复数： materials
派生词： materially adv.

All the materials used were of the highest grade.

使用的材料全是优质品。

These are considered to be symbols of success on the material level.

人们认为，这些东西代表着物质层面的成功。
poster
复数： posters

前缀 post-
1. 后，后面
2. 邮政
secondary
复数： secondaries
派生词： secondly adv.

~ (to sth)
次要的；从属的；辅助的

Raising animals was only secondary to other forms of farming.

与其他农业生产相对而言，动物饲养只是副业。
exchange
第三人称单数： exchanges
复数： exchanges
现在分词： exchanging
过去式 /adj ： exchanged
过去分词： exchanged

We need to promote an open exchange of ideas and information.

我们需要促进思想和信息的公开交流。
host
第三人称单数： hosts
复数： hosts

~ of sb/sth
许多；大量

a host of possibilities
多种可能性
biology
复数： biologies
词根： bio, bi= life 生命；生物
biological adj.
biologically adv.

This is one of the most exciting developments in biology in recent years.

这是近年来生物学上令人振奋的发展之一。
tough
n. 粗暴的人 ; 暴徒 ; 恶棍
v. 坚持 ; 忍受，忍耐
adv. 强硬地 ; 顽强地

第三人称单数： toughs
复数： toughs
比较级： tougher
最高级： toughest
派生词： toughen v. toughness n.
tough sth out
坚持；挨过

You're just going to have to tough it out .

你只好硬着头皮撑到底了。

difficult adj. 困难的，不易的

指因需要努力或技巧而难以做成、理解或处理的。
tough adj. 难办的，棘手的，费力的
因存在或将会引发问题等而难以完成或处理的，尤指在情感上难以
抉择的。
alarm
第三人称单数： alarms
复数： alarms
alarmed adj.

alarm bells ring

警钟敲响

Could I have an alarm call at 5.30 tomorrow, please?

请在明天早晨 5:30 打电话叫醒我好吗？
contribution
复数： contributions

contribute v.
contribution 与以下词性连用
adj. important contribution
重要的贡献（或捐款）
v.make a contribution
做出贡献；捐款

These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing

industrial accidents.
这些措施将会对减少工业事故起重要的作用。
fortunately
同义词： luckily
反义词： unfortunately
比较级： more fortunately
最高级： most fortunately
fortune n.
fortunate adj.

Fortunately he was sent to the hospital in time. If he had been delayed half an
hour, he would have not been still alive.
多亏及时送医院，再晚半小时他就没希望了。
over time
The method for making beer has changed over time.
制造啤酒的方法随时间的流逝而改变。

Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their

positions over time?
一旦人们开始志愿工作 , 是什么导致他们长期留在自己的岗位上呢 ?
option
第三人称单数： options
复数： options
同义词 :choice opportunity

词根： opt= to choose 选择

optimize v.
You would do well to consider all the options before buying.
你购买之前最好对各种选择都考虑一下。
butter
VERB 给…抹上黄油；涂黄油于
butter up
奉承；巴结；讨好

She buttered four thick slices of bread.

她用黄油涂了四片厚面包。
pudding
复数： puddings
attract
词根 tract= to draw 拉 , 拖
前缀 at- 加在同辅音字母的词根前 , 表加强

attractive adj.
attraction n.

~ sb (to sb/sth)
吸引；使喜爱；引起…的好感
What first attracted me to her was her sense of humour.
她首先吸引我的是她的幽默感。
rugby
英式橄榄叫 rugby ， 15 人制，进入奥运会的是 7 人制。
美式橄榄是 Amearican football ，是 11 人制 。