Organic compounds

Alkenes
 Alkenes

1. Contain C atoms and H atoms only

2. Contain double covalent bond between

carbon atoms
 Structural formulae

H H
H × × H
C2H4 C C C C
× ×
H H H H

CH2=CH2
Ethene molecular formulae
Three-dimensional Structure
 Structural formulae
H H H

C3H6
H C C C
H H

CH3CH=CH2
propene molecular formulae
Three-dimensional Structure
 Structural formulae

H H H H

H C C C C
C4H8
H H H

CH3CH2CH=CH2
butene molecular formulae
Three-dimensional Structure
Structure C C

unsaturated
 C2H4 ethene
C3H6 propene
C4H8 butene
C5H10 pentene
Name C6H12 hexene
C7H14 heptene
C8H16 octene
C9H18 nonene
C10H20 decene
 Homologous series

General
formula CnH2n
P 225
Q4
 Where do we get alkenes from?

• Alkanes catalytic cracking( 催化裂化 )

• Alkanes thermal cracking( 热裂解 )

ethene and propene

apparatus
Physical properties

• M.P. and B.P.

• Density

• State
 Chemical properties
Addition reactions:

C C C C
 1. Hydrogenation 加氢反应

H H H H

C C + H2 H C C H
H H H H

ethane
 2.Hydration 水合作用

H H H H

C C + H2O H C C H
H H H OH

ethanol
 3.Halogenation 卤化反应

H H H H

C C + Br2 H C C H
H H Br Br
Dissolve in organic 1,2-dibromoethane
solvent, or water
 Red-brown colorless

Halogenation is a test for unsaturated compounds

 4.Polymerisation 聚合反应
Poly(ethene)

H H H H

n C C C C
H H H H n
Monomers Polymers
单体 聚合物
Properties of Polythene bucket

• Easily moulded
• Excellent electrical insulator
• Not corrode bowl
• Tough bag
• Not affect by weather
• Durable
Other addition polymers
PVC
Poly(chloroethene)

H H H H

n C C C C
H Cl H Cl n

聚氯乙烯
 pipe

PVC
• Versatile plastic
• Second most widely used
guttering
• Strong
• Less flexible than Poly(ethene)

Electrical
insulation
 PTFE
Poly(tetrafluoroethene)

F F F F

n C C C C
F F F F
n

聚四氟乙烯
 Non-stick frying pans
PTEE

• Withstand very high temperature

• Slippery surface
Soles of irons
• Hydrophobic （ water repellent ）
• Highly resistant to chemical attack
Thermosoftening plastic 热塑性 PVC

Thermosetting plastic 热固性 rubbe

Cross-linked
 Light
Cheap
Household
Unreactive
waste problem
Easy to be moulded
Can be dyed bright colours
Disposal of plastics

Incineration 焚化： toxic gases

Recycling ：

Biodegradable 生物降解 :(synthetic

biodegradable plastic can be broken down by bacteria, or
dissolve in water)