Transmission_I_06_200909 Work

principle of WDM
V1.1

Unitrans D&T Group

 content
 WDM Overview

 Optical Fiber Transmission character

 Key technologies of DWDM

 Technical Specifications

2
Background
Background

WDM

TDM

SDM

3
PDH,
PDH, SDH
SDH and
and DWDM
DWDM

G.692
DWDM

G.957 G.691

SDH
155M 622M 2.5G 10G

PDH

4
Relationship
Relationship between
between DWDM
DWDM
and
and Other
Other Services
Services

IP
IP

SDH
SDH ATM
ATM IP
IP Other
Other
ATM
ATM

SDH Open
OpenOptical
Optical Interface
Interface
SDH

DWDM
DWDM
Physical
PhysicalFiber
Fiber

5
WDM
WDM Definition
Definition
1 2 N

1 1
2 2

N N
OA

OMU ODU

WDM technology is a fiber communication technology transmitting multiple

optical carriers with information (analog or digital) on one fiber.

6
WDM
WDM Classification
Classification

 CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

 DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

7
DWDM
DWDM Concept
Concept

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)

Power (dBm)

wavelength interval ： 0.4 ～ 2nm

1529 - 1560nm λ(nm)

8
DWDM
DWDM system
system
Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver

Ch 1 λ1 λ1 Ch 1
OTU1
OTU1 OMU OTU1
OTU1
Input

ODU
┇ LA ┇ Output
BA PA
Ch N λs λs λs λs Ch N
OTUn
OTUn OTUn
OTUn
λn λn

OSC

OSC OSC

EMS

9
Common
Common NE
NE in
in DWDM
DWDM System
System
Client side Line side
λ1
λn

λ1 Line side Line side

λn

OTM
λ1 λn λ1 λn
Line side
Line side
Client side

OADM

OLA
10
 Difference
Difference between
between DWDM
DWDM and
and SDH
SDH
Electrical
Transmitter Receiver
Regenerator
1 TDM: Electrical Regenerator for
TT RR
Single Wavelength

Electrical Multiplex Electrical Demultiplex

1 2 N

1 1
2 2
DWDM: Multi-wavelength on Single
Fiber, for Optical Amplification  OA
N N

Optical Multiplexer Optical Demultiplexer

11
DWDM
DWDM Features
Features
Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.

 Each wavelength can carry different signal: SDH 2.5Gbps, 10 Gbps,

ATM, IP.

 DWDM technology provides multiple virtual fiber channels in one

physical fiber channel.

12
DWDM
DWDM Features
Features
SDH

DWDM

Electrical Regenerator
Light Amplifier

Through super-long distance transmission technologies, the transmission cost is

reduced.

13
DWDM
DWDM Development
Development Trend
Trend

1 1
OTM 2 2
N N

OADM
i i k k

OXC OXC

Full optical network is the development trend of optical transport

network.
14
 content
 WDM Overview

 Optical Fiber Transmission character

 Key technologies of DWDM

 Technical Specifications

15
Structure
Structure of
of Optical
Optical Fiber
Fiber
Coating Cladding Core

n2 n1

Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding

and a plastic wear-resisting coating.

16
Transport
Transport characteristics
characteristics of
of
optical
optical fibers
fibers

 Attenuation (Loss)

 Dispersion

 Non-linear Effect

17
Attenuation
Attenuation

It is the reduction of signal strength or light power over the

length of the light-carrying medium. Fiber attenuation is

measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).

18
Attenuation
Attenuation

 Absorbency Attenuation


Intrinsic Absorbency Attenuation


Impurity Absorbency Attenuation
 Scattering Attenuation
 Additional attenuation

19
Division
Division of
of Low-loss
Low-loss window
3.0
window
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH- absorption peak
2.0 OH- absorption
Loss (dB/km) peak

1.5

OH- absorption
1.0 peak

0.5
O E S C L
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)

O Band Original 1260-1360 nm

E Band Extended 1360-1460 nm
S Band Short 1460-1530 nm
C Band Conventional 1530-1565 nm
L Band Long 1565-1625 nm
U Band Ultralong 1625-1675 nm

20
 Feature
Feature Comparison
Comparison between
between Low-Loss
Low-Loss
Windows
Windows
Window I II III IV V

1310 (O 1360 ~ 1530 (E

Mark (nm) 850 1550 (C band) 1600 (L band) + S bands)
band)

Wavelength
range 600~900 1260~1360 1530~1565 1565~1625 1360~1530
(nm)
MMF/ G.652/ G.652/
Fiber type MMF G.652/ G.653/ G.653/ Full-wave fiber
G.653 G.655 G.655
Short Short
distance distance
Applications Long distance and high rate
and low and low
rate rate

21
Dispersion
Dispersion
SMF
power power

time time
Input optical pulse Output optical pulse

Dispersio As the optical pulse signals are transmitted for long

n distance, the pulse wave shape spreads by time at the
fiber output end, this phenomenon is called dispersion.

22
Influence
Influence of
of Dispersion
Dispersion

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Input
Time

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Output
Time

(ps) = D (ps/ nm*km) * S (nm) * L (km)

23
Kinds
Kinds of
of Dispersion
Dispersion

1. Chromatic Dispersion

2. Polarization Mode Dispersion

24
Chromatic
Chromatic Dispersion
Dispersion

Optical signals of different wavelength have different speeds in

the optical fiber, and this will cause a phenomena called dispersi
on.

Chromatic dispersion is the result of material dispersion,

waveguide dispersion, or profile dispersion.

25
Influences
Influences of
of Chromatic
Chromatic Dispersion
Dispersion
1) Pulse spreading
 A major influence of chromatic dispersion to system performance.
When transmission distance is longer than fiber dispersion length,
pulse spreading is too large. At this time, the system will have seri
ous inter-symbol interference and bit errors.

2) Chirp effect
 Dispersion not only results in pulse spreading but also makes pul
se generate phase modulation. Such phase modulation makes dif
ferent parts of the pulse make different offset from the central freq
uency with different frequencies.

26
Chirp
Chirp

 Chirps can arise e.g. during propagation in a medium due to

the effects of dispersion and nonlinearities.

 In laser diodes, the shift of the laser’s center wavelength during

single pulse durations.

27
Dispersion
Dispersion Tolerance
Tolerance

 Parameter of dispersion tolerance for laser source (Ds)

 Dispersion parameter for optical fiber (D)
 Longest transmission distance: Ds/D

Example

If Ds = 12800 ps/nm, SMF （ G.652 ）

dispersion is D = 20 ps/km/nm ， and then the longest transmission
distance of this optical source is 640km.

28
Polarization
Polarization Mode
Mode Dispersion
Dispersion

This problem occurs because the fiber is not consistent along its
length. Due to bending and twisting, as well as temperature
changes, the fiber core is not exactly circular. The result is that the
modes in the fiber exchange power with each other in a random
fashion down the fiber length, which result in different group
velocities; the signal breaks up. In effect, the light travels faster on
one polarization plane than another.

29
Polarization
Polarization Mode
Mode Dispersion
Dispersion

 Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization modes have

different transmission rates, resulting in delay and PMD.
 In digital transmission system, PMD will result in pulse separation and
pulse spreading, degrade transmission signal and limit transmission rate of
carriers.

30
Nonlinear
Nonlinear Effects
Effects

1. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)

2. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

3. Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

4. Self-phase Modulation (SPM)

5. Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)

31
Single
Single Phase
Phase Modulation
Modulation (SPM)
(SPM)
Intensity

Pulse width before Optical spectrum

transmission before transmission

Intensity

Pulse width after Optical spectrum after

transmission transmission

Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and light intensity, refr
active index changes during optical pulse continuance, with pulse peak phase d
elayed for both front and rear edges. With more transmission distance, phase s
hift is accumulated continuously and represents large phase modulation upon c
ertain distance. As a result, spectrum spreading results in pulse spreading, whi
ch is called SPM .

32
Cross
Cross Phase
Phase Modulation
Modulation (XPM)
(XPM)
When two or more optical waves with different frequencies are simult
aneously transmitted in a non-linear media, the amplitude modulation
of each frequency wave will result in the corresponding change of the
fiber refractive index, resulting in non-linear phase modulation of the
optical wave with other frequencies, which is called XPM.

33
Stimulated
Stimulated Raman
Raman Scattering
Scattering (SRS)
(SRS)
P P

 
I  Out
nput put

 SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short wavelength and

reinforcement of signals with long wavelength.

34
Stimulated
Stimulated Brillouin
Brillouin Scattering
Scattering
(SBS)
(SBS)
Power
Scattering

Output Power
Input Power

35
Four
Four Wave
Wave Mixing
Mixing (FWM)
(FWM)

f
 FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between multiple
optical carriers caused by the non-linear effect of fiber, when multiple
frequencies of optical carriers with high power are simultaneously
transmitted in the fiber.
 FWM results in optical signal energy attenuation in multiplexing channels
and channel crosstalk.

36
Common
Common Types
Types of
of SMF
SMF
 G.652 : Dispersion non-shifted fiber, has a nominal zero-disper
sion wavelength in the 1310 and 1550 nm window.
 G.653 : Dispersion-shifted fiber, zero dispersion at 1550 nm wi
ndow, easy to cause FWM.
 G.655 : Non-zero dispersion fiber, used in 1550 nm window. L
ess dispersion coefficient, dispersion limited transmission dista
nce can be hundreds of km; prevent FWM

37
 G.652
SMF 20
1.0 G.653
Attenuation DSF

Dispersion (ps/nm-km)
Attenuation (dB/km)

0.8
EDFA 10
Bandwidth

0.4 0
NZDF+
G.655+
0.2 -10
NZDF-
G.655-
0.1 -20
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Wavelength (nm)

38
 content
 WDM Overview

 Optical Fiber Transmission character

 Key technologies of DWDM

 Technical Specifications

39
DWDM
DWDM system
system
Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver

Ch 1 λ1 λ1 Ch 1
OTU1
OTU1 OTU1
OTU1
OMU

ODU
Input ┇ ┇ Output
BA LA PA
λ λ λ λ
Ch N s Ch N
OTUn
OTUn s s s OTUn
OTUn
λn λn

OSC

OSC OSC

EMS

40
Key
Key technologies
technologies of
of DWDM
DWDM

 Optical source
 Optical Mutiplexer And Demultiplexer
 Optical Amplifiers
 The Supervision Of WDM System

41
Key
Key technologies
technologies of
of DWDM
DWDM

Requirements of Optical Source

1. Larger dispersion tolerance value;

2. Standard and stable wavelength.

42
Type
Type of
of Optical
Optical Sources
Sources

 Laser Device (LD)

 Light-Emitting Diode (LED).

43
Types
Types of
of Modulation
Modulation

1. Direct Modulation

2. Indirect Modulation

44
Direct
Direct modulation
modulation

Electrical current Optical signal

 Output laser is controlled by input current

 Transmission rate≤2.5Gb/s
 Transmission distance≤100km

45
Electrical-absorption
Electrical-absorption (EA)
(EA)
LD EA

Voltage applied

 Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)

 Less chirp
 High Dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s :7200~12800ps/nm)
 High reliability

46
Mach-Zehnder
Mach-Zehnder external
external modulator （ M-Z
modulator （ M-Z ）
）

LD

 Long dispersion limited distance

 High cost
 Negligible chirp
 High dispersion tolerance

47
Comparison
Comparison of
of Modulation
Modulation
Types Direct EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Modulator

Max.dispersion toleration 1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800

(ps/nm)

Cost moderate expensive Very expensive

Wavelength Stability good better best

48
Wavelength
Wavelength Stabilization
Stabilization technology
technology

 Temperature feedback control method

 Wavelength feedback control method

49
Optical Muliplexing and Demultiplexing
Technology

50
Optical
Optical Muliplexer
Muliplexer and
and Demultiplexer
Demultiplexer

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

Fiber

51
Common
Common Techniques
Techniques Used
Used

 Diffraction Grating

 Thin Film Filter (TFF)

 Array Waveguide (AWG)

 Coupling Type

52
Diffraction
Diffraction Grating
Grating

Optical signals with different wavelengths have different reflecting angles on

grating, it divides and combines the optical signals with different wavelengths. It
has sound wavelength selection performance, capable of narrowing wavelength
interval to about 0.5 nm.

53
Thin
Thin Film
Film Filter
Filter (TFF)
(TFF)

It consists of dozens layers of dielectric films with different materials, different r

efractive indexes and different thickness values. One layer features high refracti
ve index and the other layer features low refractive index, therefore emerging a
passband within certain wavelength range and a stopband within other wavelen
gth ranges.

54
Array
Array Waveguide
Waveguide (AWG)
(AWG)

It is essentially a multistage, multi cross-connect wavelength coupler. The

delay lines between the two sides cause different phase shifts for different
wavelength and therefore different wavelengths from one input appear at
different outputs.

By coupling each input to all outputs and controlling the characteristics of the
coupling, a wavelength at any input can be coupled to a selected outputs.

55
Coupling
Coupling Type
Type
λ1

λ2

λ3

λ4

λ5
λ1 ， 2 ， 3……
λ6

λ7

λ8

It is a surface interactive device with two or more fibers which are closed to
each other and are properly melted.

56
 Relationship
Relationship between
between DWDM
DWDM
Systems
Systems and
and Typical
Typical OM/OD
OM/OD

Type of OM OD
OM/OD Below 32 40 Below 32 40 Above 80
Above 80
wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths

Coupling _ _ _ _ _
√
Type
AWG √ √ _ √ √ _

TFF √ √ _ √ √ _
Diffraction _ _ _ _
√ √
Grating

57
Key
Key Performance
Performance Indices
Indices
1. Multiplexing channel quantity
Represents the quantity of optical channels multiplexed/ demultip
lexed made by the OM/OD, closely related to resolution and isola
tion of the device.

2. Insertion loss
The attenuation effect of OM/OD to optical signals directly affects
system transmission distance.

3. Channel isolation
Represents the isolation distance between multiplexed optical ch
annels in the optical devices.

58
continuation
continuation
4. Reflection coefficient
The ratio between the reflection optical power and incidence opti
cal power at the input end of the OM/OD. Smaller coefficient is pr
eferable.
5. Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth at -0.5 dB describes the passband feature of
the OD.
Channel bandwidth at -20 dB describes the stopband feature of t
he OD.

59
Spectrum
Spectrum Requirements
Requirements for
for OM/OD
OM/OD
Relative power

wavelength
Requirements ： power equalization for each channel ;
better spectrum characteristic.
60
Optical Amplifier Technology

61
Optical
Optical Amplifier
Amplifier
 Its development overcame the biggest barrier on high speed
long distance transmission - receiving optical power limit.
 It amplifies all the wavelength at once and without optical-elect
rical-optical conversion.

62
Classifications
Classifications of
of Optical
Optical Amplifier
Amplifier

Resonance Type
{
{
Semiconductor OA
Progressive Wave Type
1550 nm fiber amplifier (EDFA)
{
{
Lanthanon Doped FA
1310 nm fiber amplifier (PDFA)
Fiber amplifier Raman FA (SRA)
Non-linear FA{ Brillouin FA (SBA)

63
EDFA
EDFA Composition
Composition
Erbium
Doped Fiber
Isolator Isolator
Coupler
PIN POUT

Used to suppress light Used to combine

reflection to ensure signal light with
The optical signal stimulates
stable working of the pump light
Pump the unstable Erbium ions to
optical amplifier
Laser release the excess energy as
photons in phase and at the
same wavelength.
Generates pump light that As this process continues
stimulates the erbium atoms down the fiber, the signal
to release their stored energy Pump light is typically
grows stronger.
as additional 1550 nm 1480 nm or 980 nm

64
Working
Working Principle
Principle

N3~0

1550 nm N2
signal light

1550 nm
980 nm 1480nm stimulated
pump light emission

N1

65
Erbium
Erbium Doped
Doped Fiber
Fiber Amplifier
Amplifier (EDFA)
(EDFA)

λ1 λ1

λ2 λ2
O O
• M •
M •
• U U
• OLA OPA •
OBA OLA
λn λn

EDFA includes:
Optical Booster Amplifier (OBA) - high optical output power
Optical Line Amplifier (OLA) - compensate the loss of the transmission line
Optical Pre Amplifier (OPA) - low noise

66
Key
Key Performance
Performance Indices
Indices
1. Gain (G)
The ratio between output optical signal power and input optical
signal power.

2. Noise Figure (NF)

The ratio between SNR at EDFA input end and SNR at output
end.

3. Bandwidth
The working wavelength range of DWDM system covers C and
L bands. The optical amplifier needs to amplify all the multiplexi
ng channel signals of the system, so its bandwidth should be w
ide enough.

67
continuation
continuation
4. Gain flatness
The allowed fluctuation of EDFA gain within the specified
working band range. For the sake of sound flatness, aluminum
doped technology is usually used in the EDF.

5. Total input/output power range

The optical power range at the input/output end of the EDFA .

6. Input/output optical reflectance

The ratio between optical power at the EDFA input/output end
and reflection optical power.

68
Problems
Problems of
of EDFA
EDFA

 Non-liner effect

 Bandwidth

 Optical surge

 Dispersion

69
Problems
Problems of
of EDFA
EDFA
1. Non-linear effect
When the optical power is increased to a certain degree, fiber non-linear effect will occur. T
herefore, in the use of fiber amplifier, it is required to control the value of the in-fiber optical
power in a single channel.

2. Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the range of the optical wavelength which can be amplified flatly. The w
orking wavelength range of the EDFA in C band is 1530 nm ~ 1561 nm, and in L band is 15
65 nm ~ 1625 nm.

70
continuation
continuation
3. Optical surge
Under normal condition, the erbium ions stimulated by the pu
mp light are carried off by the signal light, and thus implement
amplification of the signal light. If the signal light is interrupted,
the metastable ions still converge continuously, so energy tran
sient will occur leading to optical surge.

To solve this, Automatic Power Reduction (APR) or Automatic

Power Shutdown (APSD) function is implemented in the EDFA.

71
continuation
continuation

4. Dispersion

As transmission distance increase, the total dispersion increases

correspondingly. Therefore, the current-free relay segment in W
DM system cannot be prolonged limitlessly. We can prolong the
current-free relay distance of the multiplexing section through dis
persion compensation measures.

72
Supervision System Technology

73
Supervision
Supervision System
System
 Detection, control and management are basic requirements of
all network operations.
 To ensure secure operation of DWDM system, physically, the
monitoring system is designed as an independent system sepa
rated from working channels and devices.
 Used to transmit the NE management and supervision informat
ion related to DWDM system

74
Functions
Functions

1. Fault alarm

2. Fault location

3. Quality parameter supervision in the operation

4. Control over backup line upon line interruption

5. EDFA supervision.

75
Requirements
Requirements of
of OSC
OSC
1. It cannot restrict the optical wavelengths (980 nm and 1480 nm) of t
he pump light source in the optical amplifier.
2. It cannot restrict the transmission distance between two LAs.
3. It cannot restrict the services on the 1310 wavelength.
4. It should still be available upon failure of the LA.
5. OSC transmission is bidirectional to ensure the supervision informa
tion can be received by the line terminal when one fiber is broken.
6. OSC transmission segment can be dropped on each optical amplifi
er relay station and DWDM system office station and added with ne
w supervision signals.

76
Optical
Optical Supervision
Supervision Control
Control (OSC)
(OSC)

OMU OBA OLA OLA OLA OPA ODU

OSC OSC OSC OSC OSC

OSC OSC OSC OSC OSC

ODU OMU

OPA OLA OLA OLA OBA

77
2M
2M OSC
OSC
 1510nm

 Signal speed : 2.048Mb/s

 Receiving sensitivity : -48dbm

 Transmission power : 0 ~ -7 dbm

78
 content
 WDM Overview

 Optical Fiber Transmission character

 Key Technologies of DWDM

 Technical Specifications

79
DWDM
DWDM Technical
Technical Specifications
Specifications

 Integrated DWDM System

Open DWDM System
 Working Wavelength
 Main Optical Parameter

80
Integrated
Integrated System
System &
& Open
Open System
System
155MSDH Open
622MSDH
2.5G SDH O G.692
10G SDH
PDH T
IP U O
ATM
M
155MSDH
622MSDH G.692 U
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
Integrated

OTU: Optical Transponder Unit

OMU: Optical Multiplexing Unit

81
Working
Working Wavelength
Wavelength in
in 1550nm
1550nm Window
Window

 C Band: 1530nm~1565nm
 L Band: 1565nm~1625nm

82
Working
Working Wavelength
Wavelength of
of DWDM
DWDM System
System

8/16/32/40-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)

 Frequency range: 192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz
 Channel interval: 100 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5 Gbit/s); ±12.
5 GHz (at rate 10 Gbit/s)

83
Wavelength
Wavelength Allocation
Allocation of
of 40CH/100GHz
40CH/100GHz
Interval
Interval on
on C
C Band
Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)

1 192.1 1560.61

2 192.2 1559.79

3 192.3 1558.98

4 192.4 1558.17

5 192.5 1557.36

6 192.6 1556.55

7 192.7 1555.75

8 192.8 1554.94

9 192.9 1554.13

10 193.0 1553.33

11 193.1 1552.52

12 193.2 1551.72

13 193.3 1550.92

14 193.4 1550.12

15 193.5 1549.32

16 193.6 1548.51

17 193.7 1547.72

18 193.8 1546.92

19 193.9 1546.12

20 194.0 1545.32

84
Wavelength
Wavelength Allocation
Allocation of
of 40CH/100GHz
40CH/100GHz Interval
Interval
on
on C
C Band
Band
21 194.1 1544.53

22 194.2 1543.73

23 194.3 1542.94

24 194.4 1542.14

25 194.5 1541.35

26 194.6 1540.56

27 194.7 1539.77

28 194.8 1538.98

29 194.9 1538.19

30 195.0 1537.40

31 195.1 1536.61

32 195.2 1535.82

33 195.3 1535.04

34 195.4 1534.25

35 195.5 1533.47

36 195.6 1532.68

37 195.7 1531.90

38 195.8 1531.12

39 195.9 1530.33

40 196.0 1529.55

85
Working
Working Wavelength
Wavelength of
of DWDM
DWDM System
System
80-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)

 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz)
 Channel interval: 50 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz

86
Wavelength
Wavelength Allocation
Allocation of
of 80CH/50GHz
80CH/50GHz
Interval
Interval on
on C
C Band
Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)

1 196.05 1529.16

2 196.00 1529.55

3 195.95 1529.94

4 195.90 1530.33

5 195.85 1530.72

6 195.80 1531.12

7 195.75 1531.51

8 195.70 1531.90

9 195.65 1532.29

10 195.60 1532.68

11 195.55 1533.07

12 195.50 1533.47

13 195.45 1533.86

14 195.40 1534.25

15 195.35 1534.64

16 195.30 1535.04

17 195.25 1535.43

18 195.20 1535.82

19 195.15 1536.22

20 195.10 1536.61

87
Working
Working Wavelength
Wavelength of
of DWDM
DWDM System
System
160-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm) + L band

(1565 nm ~ 1625 nm)
 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz) + L band (190.9
0 THz ~ 186.95 THz)
 Channel interval: 50 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz

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Optical Parameter － Power
Parameter － Power
 Watt (W)
The unit of power. In optical transmission, power is small, hence, it is
expressed in milliwatt (mW).

 Decibel (dB)
The logarithmic ratio between the output power to the input power.
dB = 10log10 (POUTPUT / PINPUT)

 dBm
Measurement of power in decibels using 1mW as the reference point.
Power in dBm = 10log10 (P / 1mW)

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Optical Parameter—Power
Parameter—Power
P1/P2

P1

P2

P0

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Optical Parameter － Attenuation
Parameter － Attenuation

Fiber

P1 P2

Fiber loss=P1/P2

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Optical Parameter － Gain
Parameter － Gain

Amplifer

P1 P2

Amplifer Gain=P2/P1

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Optical Parameter － OSNR
Parameter － OSNR

 OSNR:Optical signal-to-noise ratio

 OSNR = Pout – 10log(M - L + 58 - NF) - 10logN

 Pout: In-fiber optical power (dBm).
 M: Number of multiplexing channels of the WDM system
 L: Loss between any two optical amplifiers, that is, sectional loss (dB)
 NF: Noise index of the EDFA.
 N: Number of the EDFAs between optical multiplexer and optical de-multiplexer of the
WDM system.

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