Regulation of protein

metabolism & Protein

turnover and homeostasis
Presented by:
Maha maroof
Rameen zaidi
Anshrah
Yusma
 REGULATION OF
PROTEIN METABOLISM
 What is metabolism?
• Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemica
processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins o
amino acids by anabolism and the breakdown of
proteins by catabolism
 Hormonal regulation of protein
metabolism
• Hormonal regulation is all about how several hormones
controls the synthesis and breakdown of proteins
• Some of them are :
1. Insulin : promotes protein synthesis
2. Cortisol: promotes protein breakdown ( usually during
vigorous exercise or starvation)
3. Testosterone: enhances muscle protein synthesis
4. Estrogen: maintains muscle mass by regulating protein
synthesis & breakdown
5. Growth hormone: conserve protein by inhibiting Protein
breakdown and stimulating protein synthesis
 Role of Insulin and Glucagon in
protein metabolism
INSULIN
• Insulin is released by pancreas
in response to high blood
sugar level
• It enhances the uptake of
amino acid in cells thus
stimulating protein synthesis
• It also inhibits protein
breakdown hence maintaining
protein balance in the body
GLUCAGON
• It is a prominent hormone in
nonfed state released when
blood sugar levels are low
• Promotes proteolysis
(breakdown of protein into
amino acids) .
• These amino acids can be
used as a source of energy or
as required by the body
• Inhibits protein synthesis
 Influence of Dietary Protein
intake on metabolic pathway
• Now let's understand how our protein intake
impacts our metabolism!
1. Protein synthesis: adequate dietary protein
intake facilitates the formation of new proteins
which are essential for muscle growth , muscle
repair & maintaining of body tissues
2. Thermic effect of food : protein has a higher thermic effect of
food as compared to carbohydrates and fat , which means that It
requires more energy for breakdown than other macronutrients .
This aids in increasing the metabolic rate potentially helping in
weight management and loss.
3. Gluconeogenesis : adequate protein intake in diet not only helps
in building muscle but also the amino acids from dietary proteins
can be converted into glucose for energy Incase carbohydrates are
not sufficient in the body .
4. Enzyme and hormone production: amino acids also used as
precursors for the synthesis of many enzymes and production of
hormones for eg insulin and glucagon

• To summarize, adequate protein intake i.e ( 0.8g /kg bw ) is not

only necessary for growth but also for majority of body
components and metabolic pathways
• deficiency of proteins can lead to overall health disruption and
insufficiency of metabolic processes
 PROTEIN
TURNOVER AND
HOMEOSTASIS
 WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
• Homeostasis, is a self-regulating process by
which biological systems maintain stability
while adjusting to changing external
conditions
• By means of homeostasis, our body
maintains optimal conditions for enzymatic
process , metabolic functions and overall
body processes
 What is protein turnover?
• In all cells, proteins are continuously synthesized and
degraded to maintain protein homeostasis and modify
gene expression levels
• Collectively, the processes of protein synthesis and
degradation is reffered to as protein turnover
• It is an effective way if maintaining a functional
proteome
• Aged polypeptides are destroyed and replaced by new
copies
 Significance
• It is a balance between protein breakdown and
protein synthesis
• Plays a crucial role in adapting changes in dietary
intakes
• Clears unwanted and toxic protein and ensure
healthy body functioning
• Efficiently degrades waste products
 Significance
• Ageing challenges all kind of biological life and
results in function decline over a certain period of
time
• Cells also age , some are maintained over a lifetime
while some are constantly being wornout and
replaced by new ones
• If a cell fails to maintain proper protein
homeostasis then signs of ageing are increased and
body decline rapidly
Protein degradation mechanism
• Also known as protein catabolism , it is the
breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides
• Protein are naturally destroyed in cell in order to
maintain protein homeostasis
• Important for maintaining cell function
• In eukaryotic cell there are two major pathways
which meditate protein degradation
• 1) ubiquitiun proteome pathway
• 2) lysomal proteolysis
 UPS- Ubiquitiun proteome
pathway
• Principal pathway for degradation of short lived
regulatory protein
• Non lysomal happens into cytosol / nucleus
• In this process proteins targeted for degradation
are tagged through covalent bonds with "
ubiquitiun"
• It is a polypeptide which acts as a molecular label
• Atp dependant process (80-90%)
 PROCESS
• First ubiquitiun is activated by being
attached to E1 enzyme . Then ubiquitiun is
transferred to a second enzyme E2 . The
final transfer of ubiquitiun to the targeted
protein is facilitated by E3 enzyme which is
responsible for recognition of appropriate
substrate of protein
 UPS- Ubiquitiun proteome pathway
• 3 enzymes are involved
• 1) E1- ubiquitiun activating
• 2) E2- ubiquitiun conjugating
• 3) E3- ubiquitiun ligase
• First ubiquitiun becomes attached to the cellular protein by a
peptide linkage
• This happens when Glycine on Ubiquitiun terminal becomes
attached to lysine of cellular protein
• The enzymes then form a polyubiquitin chain and then the
complex are further degraded by proteasomes
• . Ubiquitiun is then released in the process to be further used in
another cycle
 Lysomal proteolysis
• 2 main pathways through which degradation of proteins through
lysosomes takes place
• 1) autophagy 2) endocytosis 3) phagocytosis
1. Autophagy: a double membrane forms around the
unwanted organelle and is delivered to lysosome for
degradation
2. Endocytosis : endocytic vesicles fuse with lysosomes ,
this process degrades surface receptors
3. Phagocytosis: here cell engulfs foreign bodies or
cytoplasmic proteins and transports them to lysosome
for degradation
THANK YOU!