Urban Environmental Planning & Management

Module Code: UECCM6031

College of Urban Development and Engineering, ECSU

2024
 Module Introduction
• Module Description
• This module aims to enable participants:
– To advance their knowledge and skills in analyzing
urban environmental problems and impacts.
– To strategically identify appropriate corrective
measures to minimize adverse effects and
overcome problems caused by rapid urbanization.
– To look at urban areas as the intersection of
natural, built, and socio-economic environments to
create sustainable urban environment.

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Module Image

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 Module Scope
• The course content covers emerging issues in
– the relationship between cities and the urban
environment,
– integrating the environment in urban planning
strategies,
– concepts of urban environmental planning and
management, and
– tools for urban environmental planning and
management.
• The module also includes specific case studies on the
environmental planning and management tools
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 Learning Outcomes
• After completing this module, participants will be
able to:
– Understand the relationship between cities and
the urban environment
– Identify the mechanisms of integrating the
environment in urban planning strategies
– Analyze the emerging issues in urban
environmental planning and management
– Apply the tools of environmental planning and
management to solve environmental problems
and their impacts
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 Module contents
 Cities and the Urban Environment
 Integrating the Environment in Urban Planning Strategies
 Concepts of Environmental Management and Planning
 Tools for Environmental Planning and management
 Local Environmental Action Program (LEAP)
 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
 Environmental Management System (EMS)
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
 Environmental Auditing (EA)
 Cleaner Production (CP)

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Concept map

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 Structure Plan
Week 1-4 Week 5-8 Week 9-12 Week 13-15 Week 16
Imparting Sessions 1-8 Sessions 9-16 Sessions 17-24 Sessions 25-30
(Lecture) Final
Lecturing Lecturing on Lecturing on Exam
Lecturing on
basic SEA and EMS LCA, EA and CP
LEAP and EIA
concepts

Activating
(Assignments) IA &
P P P E
GA

Mentoring
(Discussions & D&F
Feedbacks)

GA: Group Assignment IA: Individual Assignment

P: Presentation D: Discussions
E: Exam F: Feedbacks
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 Module Delivery & Assessment
• Mode of delivery:
– PowerPoint Presentations, multimedia, group discussions,
presentations, Reading Module Handbook & References
• Assessment:
• Grading and weighting will be based on:
– Test 20%
– Individual Assignment 20%
– Group Assignment 20%
– Final Exam 40%
• Alternatively,
 Individual /Group Assignment - 30 %
 Test - 30 %
 Final Exam- 40 % 9
 Workload

 Contact Hours- 48

 Non-Contact Hours- 120

 Total Hours - 168

 ECTS- 5
 V. Module Policy
 Attendance is mandatory
 Expectation for Classroom Behavior
 Contribute in class discussion
 Meet assignment deadlines
 Discipline
 Punctuality
 Cell phones must be switched off/made silent

 Late submission is not acceptable

 Missing Exam and Tests (medical case & emergency only)
 Need to be supplemented by relevant documents
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 References
• Cities Alliance (2005) Liveable Cities: the Benefits of Urban
Environmental Planning
• Randolph, John (2004) Environmental Land Use Planning and
Management, Island Press, Washington
• Markowitz, Paul (2000) Guide to Implementing Local
Environmental Action Programs in Central and Eastern
Europe, Institute for Sustainable Communities & The Regional
Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe
• UNEP (2002) Environmental Impact Assessment Training
Resource Manual, Second Edition
• EPA (2000) Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline
Document, Final Draft

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 Ref… Cont’d
 Five Winds International (2004) Environmental Management
Systems: A Guidebook for Improving Energy and
Environmental Performance in Local Government
 NSF International (2001) Environmental Management Systems:
An Implementation Guide for Small and Medium-Sized
Organizations
 CASCADE (2003) LCA training package: for users of LCA data
and results
 Hillary, Ruth (1998) Environmental Auditing: Concepts,
Methods and Developments, Int. J. Audit. 2: 71–85 (1998),
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 UNEP (1998) Cleaner Production: Sixth International High-level
Seminar Montreal, UNEP Industry and Environment, Volume 24
No. 1-2 January – June 2001
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Brief about Urban, Urbanization and the
Urban Environment

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 Contents of the Session

 Urban
 Urbanization
 Level and Rate of Urbanization
 The Urban Environment
 Adverse Impacts on the Urban Environment Affecting People

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Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, participants will be able to:
 Retain information about definition of urban, urbanization
and urban environment
 See level and rate of urbanization of few countries in the
world
 Reflect on some adverse impacts on the urban environment
affecting people
 List some aggravating factors of the adverse impacts on the
urban environment affecting people 16
What is Urban?

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 Definition of Urban

 The definition of “urban” varies widely among countries.

 Among 228 countries for which the United Nations had
data in 2000,
 Almost half (100) included size and density as criteria,
 96 included administrative definitions of urban (e.g.,
living in the capital city),
 33 included functional characteristics (e.g., economic
activity, available services, etc.),
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 Definition of Urban … Cont’d

 24 had no definition of urban, and

 12 defined all (e.g., Anguilla, Bermuda, the Cayman

Islands, Gibraltar, the Holy See, Hong Kong, Monaco,

Nauru, Singapore) or none (e.g., Pitcairn Island, Tokelau,

Wallis and Futuna Islands) of their population as urban

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 Eg. Norway (Eu), Greenland (SAm)

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Japan (As)
 Definition of Urban … Cont’d

 Definitions of urban have changed over time in different

ways in different countries.

 Thus, global statistics are subject to country-level

differences in the definition of urban

 The definition of a city or urban area will have to conform

to the context the data source

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• Social definition of Urban i.e.
Culture (food, clothing)
Value (sharing, take care of others,)
Consumption of goods and services (football,
playing, recreation)

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 What is Urbanization?

So, is it the same to urban growth?

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 Urbanization
 Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural areas
to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each
society adapts to this change.
 It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are
formed and become larger as more people begin living and
working in central areas.
 Urbanization occurs either organically or planned as a result
of individual, collective and state action.
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Level and rate of urbanization.
• Level of urbanization refers to the proportion of
people lived in urban center from the total
population
• Rate of urbanization or urban growth refers to the
yearly rate of increase or decrease of urban
population.

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 Level and Rate of Urbanization

 About 12 countries 100 % urbanized (Eg. Singapore (Asia),

Hong Kong (China), Monaco (Europe) Vatican City (Italy)
Vatican City is 44 hectares and a population of about 1,000
 About 18 countries from 90% to 99.9% urbanized (Eg.
Belgium & the Netherlands (Europe), Uruguay &
Argentina (S America), Israel & Japan (Asia),
 About 31 countries from 80 % to 89.9 urbanized

 About 30 countries from 70 % to 79.9 urbanized

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Level and Rate of Urbanization … Cont’d

 About 28 countries from 60 % to 69.9 urbanized

 About 34 countries from 50 % to 59.9 urbanized
 About 23 countries from 40 % to 49.9 urbanized
 About 22 countries from 30 % to 39.9 urbanized
 About 17 countries from 20 % to 29.9 urbanized
 About 11 countries from 10 % to 19.9 urbanized
 About 4 countries Less than 10 % urbanized

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Level and Rate of Urbanization … Cont’d
Countries Level Rate
Belgium (Eu) 98.0 0.62
Netherlands (Eu) 91.5 0.74
Colombia (S.Am) 89.3 1.22
Peru (S Am) 84.5 1.44
Gambia (Africa) 72.1 4.07
Nigeria (Africa) 61.3 4.23
Somalia (Africa) 50.3 4.23
Yemen (Asia) 45.0 4.06
Kenya (Africa) 44.5 4.23
South Sudan (Africa) 43.5 4.10
Niger (Africa) 37.2 4.27
Oman (Asia) 33.8 5.25
Tanzania (Africa) 29.4 5.22
Ethiopia (Africa) 20.8 4.63
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Africa) 19.6 4.53
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Mozambique (Africa) 13.0 4.35
 Cities make up only two percent of the earth’s surface, yet they are
home to over half of the world’s population.

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 Why People choose to live in urban areas ?

 People choose to live in urban areas so they can have a

better

quality of life.

 Living in a city can be culturally & economically beneficial

since it can provide:

 Greater opportunities for access to the labor market,

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 Why People choose …? Cont’d

 Better education, housing, and safety conditions,

 Reduce the time & expense of commuting and transportation.

 Conditions like density, proximity, diversity, & marketplace

competition are elements of an urban environment that deemed

positive.

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• What about the push factor?
• Urbanization in the western world and
developing countries like Ethiopia?

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The Urban
Environment
 The term environment has been derived from a French word
“Environia” means to surround.
 The word environment means surroundings in which
organisms live.
 It refers to both biotic (living) and abiotic (physical or non-
living) environment.
 Environment regulates the life of the organisms including
human beings.
 Human beings interact with the environment more strongly
than other living beings.

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The Urban Environment … Cont’d
 The Encyclopedia of Environmental Sciences defines Environment
as "the aggregate of all external conditions & influences affecting
life & development of an organism"
 Each environment is a system which overlaps, influences, and is
influenced by other systems.
 Our world is made up of a large number of environments -not one.
Environmental problems are created by efforts to improve
quality of life in one environment at the expense of reduced quality of
life in another.

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The Urban Environment … Cont’d
 "The environment," therefore, is not a special set of unique
interests to be treated separately from "development."
 Nature is the original inheritance of humanity and is the
source of goods and services as well as of the space in
which society develops and evolves.

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 The Urban Environment … Cont’d
 Urban environment involves modified, transformed,
disturbed & recreated environments.
 The study of the urban environment addresses topics
related mainly to the natural sciences, but also describes
and analyses actions carried out by social actors.
 The social part includes social relations, global and local
issues, problems that need solving & outcomes or
impacts linked to human activities.
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Can you point to some adverse impacts on the urban
environment affecting people?

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Adverse Impacts on the Urban Environment

The most important adverse impacts on the urban environment

affecting people and caused by man and nature are:

 Water pollution and depletion

 Energy use and wastage

 Air pollution:

 Outdoor, by industrialization and motorization emissions,

&

 Indoor, from household and occupational sources

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 Some Adverse Impacts … Cont’d
 Solid waste, especially hazardous waste, when improperly
discharged by households and industries.
 Resource Losses:
 Groundwater contamination and depletion
 Land and ecosystem degradation
 Degradation of historic structures and cultural resources
 An increased risk of Disease (Eg. Asthma, mental health)
 Crime

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 Some Adverse Impacts … Cont’d

 Environmental hazards:
 Natural disasters (e.g. hurricane, earthquake, volcano,
flooding,..etc.)
 Man-made hazards (e.g. chemical spills and other
industrial accidents)
 Alienation, stress, increased cost of living, and mass
marginalization
 Habitat fragmentation
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Can you describe some Aggravating Factors of the
adverse impacts?

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Aggravating Factors
Factors aggravating urban environmental degradation or
perpetuating the lack of appropriate preventive and curative
environmental actions, are:

 Lack of public and political awareness

 Need for public pressure and political will

 Lack of effective public education and participation

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 Aggravating Factors … Cont’d
 Inadequate governance e.g.
•Weak institutional capacity,
•Poor inter-sectoral coordination,
•Lack of effective public accountability,
•Inadequate regulatory policies,
•Unclear property rights,
•Inefficient economic policies,
•Insufficient knowledge and information,
•shortage of environmental professionals
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Thank You!

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