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UPPER INTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES
Made by: 401 – A group

PYLOROSTENOSIS GASTRIC ATRESI
DEFINITION
• PYLORIC STENOSIS IS A CONDITION
CAUSES AFFECTING INFANTS, TYPICALLY
BETWEEN 2-6 WEEKS OLD. IT
SYMPTOMS
INVOLVES A THICKENING AND
DIAGNOSIS NARROWING OF THE PYLORIC
MUSCLE, LOCATED AT THE OPENING
DIFFERENTIAL
BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND THE
DIAGNOSIS
SMALL INTESTINE. THIS
TREATMENT NARROWING PREVENTS FOOD
COMPLICATIONS FROM PROPERLY LEAVING THE
STOMACH, CAUSING FORCEFUL
VOMITING AND DEHYDRATION.
MORPHOLOGICA 1. HYPERTROPHY OF THE PYLORIC MUSCLE

L CHANGES
2. HYPERPLASIA OF THE PYLORIC MUCOSA
CAUSES 3. ELONGATION OF THE PYLORIC CANAL
SYMPTOMS 4. FIBROSIS
5. INCREASED VASCULARITY
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL • ADDITIONAL CHANGES:

DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
• THE PYLORIC GLANDS, WHICH PRODUCE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, MAY BECOME
COMPLICATIONS HYPERTROPHIED ALONG WITH THE SURROUNDING MUSCLE AND MUCOSA.
• THE ANTRUM, THE PORTION OF THE STOMACH CLOSEST TO THE PYLORUS,
MAY ALSO BECOME DILATED DUE TO THE OBSTRUCTED FLOW OF FOOD.
DEFINITION
• THE EXACT CAUSE OF PYLORIC STENOSIS IS UNKNOWN, BUT
CAUSES SEVERAL FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE, INCLUDING:
SYMPTOMS
• GENETICS: PYLORIC STENOSIS IS MORE COMMON IN FIRSTBORN
DIAGNOSIS
MALES AND THOSE WITH A FAMILY HISTORY OF THE CONDITION.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS • MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT ABNORMALITIES: THERE MAY BE
TREATMENT
ABNORMALITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE
CELLS IN THE PYLORUS.
COMPLICATIONS
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS,
SUCH AS PREMATURITY OR EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN MEDICATIONS,
MAY ALSO PLAY A ROLE.
DEFINITION
• PROJECTILE VOMITING: THIS IS THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOM,
CAUSES OCCURRING AFTER FEEDS. THE VOMIT IS FORCEFUL AND OFTEN NON-
BILIOUS (DOES NOT CONTAIN BILE).
SYMPTOMS
• HUNGER: DESPITE VOMITING, INFANTS WITH PYLORIC STENOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
REMAIN HUNGRY AND OFTEN WANT TO EAT SHORTLY AFTER
DIFFERENTIAL VOMITING.
DIAGNOSIS
• DEHYDRATION: DUE TO PERSISTENT VOMITING, INFANTS MAY
TREATMENT
BECOME DEHYDRATED, PRESENTING WITH SYMPTOMS LIKE SUNKEN
COMPLICATIONS EYES, DECREASED URINATION, AND DRY SKIN.
• WEIGHT LOSS: AS THEY ARE UNABLE TO RETAIN FOOD, INFANTS MAY
EXPERIENCE WEIGHT LOSS AND MALNUTRITION.
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
DEFINITION
• VISIBLE GASTRIC PERISTALTIC WAVES: IN SOME CASES, A
CAUSES VISIBLE WAVE MAY BE SEEN ACROSS THE ABDOMEN AFTER
SYMPTOMS FEEDING, REPRESENTING THE STOMACH'S EFFORT TO PUSH
DIAGNOSIS FOOD THROUGH THE NARROWED PYLORUS.
DIFFERENTIAL • PALPABLE OLIVE-SHAPED MASS: IN 60-80% OF CASES, A
DIAGNOSIS
DOCTOR MAY PALPATE A FIRM, OLIVE-SHAPED MASS IN THE
TREATMENT
UPPER RIGHT ABDOMEN, REPRESENTING THE THICKENED
COMPLICATIONS PYLORUS MUSCLE.
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
DEFINITION - in palpation, olive-shaped mass is

- HISTORY felt in upper abdomen
CAUSES
- VISUAL
SYMPTOMS EXAMINATION:
DIAGNOSIS SYMPTOMS
DIFFERENTIAL
- PHYSICAL
DIAGNOSIS EXAMINATION:
TREATMENT PALPATION
COMPLICATIONS - LAB TESTS
- IMAGING TESTS: US,
X-RAY
DEFINITION
- THICKENED AND NARROWED PYLORUS IN X-RAY AND US
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
DEFINITION
GASTROINTESTINAL: Differentiating factors:
CAUSES
- GERD - Age: 2-6 weeks
SYMPTOMS - GASTROENTERITIS
-
- Symptoms: vomiting
INTESTINAL MALROTATION
DIAGNOSIS - HIRSCHPRUNG’S DISEASE - Palpation: olive-
DIFFERENTIAL
- NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS shaped mass
DIAGNOSIS Non-gastrointestinal: - Imaging tests:
narrowing and
TREATMENT - Adrenal insufficiency
thickening of pylorus
COMPLICATIONS - UTIs
- Acute renal failure
DEFINITION
CONSERVATIVE:
CAUSES
- HYDRATION: INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS OR ELECTROLYTE-
SYMPTOMS
CONTAINING ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS
DIAGNOSIS
- DIETARY MODIFICATIONS: FEEDING SMALL, FREQUENT
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
MEALS OF THICKENED FORMULA CAN HELP MINIMIZE
STOMACH DISTENTION AND REDUCE VOMITING
TREATMENT
- PROKINETICS: METOCLOPRAMIDE
COMPLICATIONS
- POSITIONING: UPRIGHT POSITION AFTER FEEDING
DEFINITION
SURGICAL:
CAUSES
PYLOROMYOTOMY
SYMPTOMS
• MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL
DIAGNOSIS PROCEDURE THAT INVOLVES
DIVIDING THE THICKENED PYLORIC
DIFFERENTIAL MUSCLE, ALLOWING THE STOMACH
DIAGNOSIS
TO EMPTY NORMALLY. IT IS A SAFE
TREATMENT AND EFFECTIVE PROCEDURE WITH A
HIGH SUCCESS RATE. TYPES:
COMPLICATIONS
• OPEN PYLOROMYOTOMY
• LAPAROSCOPIC
PYLOROMYOTOMY
DEFINITION
CAUSES PROCEDURE STEPS:

SYMPTOMS 1. ANESTHESIA
DIAGNOSIS 2. INCISION
DIFFERENTIAL
3. MUSCLE
DIAGNOSIS DIVISION
TREATMENT 4. CLOSURE
COMPLICATIONS
DEFINITION
BENEFITS OF LAPAROSCOPIC PYLOROMYOTOMY:
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS oSMALLER INCISIONS

DIAGNOSIS oLESS PAIN
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS oFASTER RECOVERY TIME
TREATMENT
oREDUCED RISK OF INFECTION
COMPLICATIONS
oIMPROVED COSMETIC RESULTS
DEFINITION
• DEHYDRATION: THIS IS THE MOST SERIOUS COMPLICATION OF
CAUSES PYLORIC STENOSIS DUE TO PERSISTENT VOMITING AND INABILITY
TO RETAIN FLUIDS.
SYMPTOMS
• ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE: DEHYDRATION CAN LEAD TO
DIAGNOSIS
IMBALANCES IN ESSENTIAL ELECTROLYTES LIKE SODIUM,
DIFFERENTIAL POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE, AFFECTING VITAL FUNCTIONS.
DIAGNOSIS
• WEIGHT LOSS AND MALNUTRITION: AS THE BABY CANNOT KEEP
TREATMENT FOOD DOWN, THEY MAY NOT RECEIVE ADEQUATE NUTRITION,
COMPLICATIONS LEADING TO WEIGHT LOSS AND MALNUTRITION.
• ALKALOSIS: THIS OCCURS DUE TO EXCESSIVE LOSS OF STOMACH
ACID THROUGH VOMITING, CAUSING A DISRUPTION IN THE BODY'S
ACID-BASE BALANCE..
DEFINITION • Anesthesia-related
LONG-TERM
COMPLICATIONS: complications:
CAUSES
•Reactions to anesthesia
• DELAYED GASTRIC
SYMPTOMS •Breathing problems
EMPTYING: THIS CAN
CAUSE SYMPTOMS LIKE Psychological complications:
DIAGNOSIS
BLOATING, DISCOMFORT, • Feeding difficulties: fear of
DIFFERENTIAL AND NAUSEA. eating or difficulty sucking.
DIAGNOSIS
• SCAR TISSUE This usually resolves with
TREATMENT FORMATION: THIS CAN time and support.
CAUSE NARROWING OF
COMPLICATIONS • Post-traumatic stress
THE OPENING AGAIN,
disorder (PTSD): anxiety,
ALTHOUGH THIS IS RARE.
flashbacks, and nightmares.
YLOROSTENOSIS GASTRIC ATRESIA DUODENAL ATRES
DEFINITION
CAUSES • Neonatal stomach atresia, also known as congenital gastric

SYMPTOMS
atresia, is a rare congenital condition characterized by the
complete obstruction or absence of a normal opening
DIAGNOSIS
between the esophagus and the stomach in newborn
DIFFERENTIAL infants. This means that there is a blockage or closure
DIAGNOSIS
preventing the passage of ingested milk or formula from the
TREATMENT esophagus into the stomach.
COMPLICATIONS
DEFINITION
• Genetic factors: some cases of neonatal gastric atresia are
CAUSES
associated with genetic abnormalities or syndromes
SYMPTOMS • Vascular disruption: during fetal development, disturbances in
DIAGNOSIS the blood supply to the stomach can result in inadequate
blood flow to the organ.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS • Intrauterine factors: in some cases, intrauterine factors may
TREATMENT contribute to the development of gastric atresia.
COMPLICATIONS • Environmental factors: environmental factors, such as

maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, or exposure to
certain medications during pregnancy
DEFINITION
CAUSES • Inability to swallow

SYMPTOMS • Vomiting
DIAGNOSIS • Abdominal distension
DIFFERENTIAL • Failure to thrive
DIAGNOSIS
• Residual stomach contents
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
DEFINITION • Prenatal ultrasound: this imaging test may detect prenatal signs of gastric atresia, such as a
dilated stomach or polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid).
CAUSES • Postnatal x-ray: an abdominal x-ray after birth may show an enlarged, gas-filled stomach,
suggesting a blockage
SYMPTOMS • Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series: this x-ray test involves swallowing a contrast material
that outlines the digestive tract, allowing visualization of the blockage.
DIAGNOSIS • Abdominal ultrasound: this imaging test can confirm the diagnosis and provide
information about the location and severity of the blockage.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
Malrotation with
Feature Gastric Atresia Duodenal Atresia Pyloric Stenosis
Volvulus
DEFINITION
Variable, but often
Duodenum (first Pyloric muscle
duodenum or
Location of Blockage Stomach part of small (controls stomach
CAUSES intestine) emptying)
jejunum (second part
of small intestine)
SYMPTOMS Onset of Symptoms Birth Birth 3-6 weeks of age

Birth or within first
few weeks
DIAGNOSIS Bile-stained Bile-stained Projectile vomiting
Bilious vomiting,
Vomiting sometimes with
vomiting vomiting after feedings
blood
DIFFERENTIAL
Abdominal
DIAGNOSIS Distention
Yes Yes May be present Prominent
Failure to Pass
TREATMENT Meconium
Yes May be present Not present Not present
COMPLICATIONS Bowel Movements Absent Absent Normal Absent or bloody
Gastric Residuals Large Large May be present Variable
Polyhydramnios Polyhydramnios,
Prenatal Ultrasound (excess amniotic "double bubble" May show
Normal
Findings fluid), dilated appearance on malpositioned bowel
stomach ultrasound
DEFINITION
Gastrostomy: This procedure involves creating an opening in
CAUSES
the stomach and connecting it to a feeding tube. This allows for
SYMPTOMS
bypassing the blockage and providing the baby with essential
DIAGNOSIS
nutrients.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
Pyloroplasty: This procedure involves widening the pyloric
TREATMENT
opening to allow food to pass into the small intestine.
Duodenoduodenostomy: This procedure involves connecting
COMPLICATIONS
the stomach directly to the duodenum (first part of the small
intestine), bypassing the pyloric region.
DEFINITION
• Malnutrition: due to the inability to absorb nutrients, babies
CAUSES with gastric atresia are at risk of malnutrition and failure to
thrive.
SYMPTOMS
• Dehydration: frequent vomiting can lead to dehydration and
DIAGNOSIS
electrolyte imbalance.
DIFFERENTIAL • Aspiration pneumonia: vomiting can cause stomach contents
DIAGNOSIS
to enter the lungs, leading to aspiration pneumonia.
TREATMENT
• Bowel perforation: in severe cases, the pressure buildup in
COMPLICATIONS the stomach can cause the bowel to perforate, leading to
peritonitis (infection of the abdominal cavity).
ASTRIC STENOSIS DUODENAL ATRESIA DUODENAL STENO
DEFINITION
• DUODENAL ATRESIA IS AN OBLITERATION OF THE LUMEN
CAUSES OF THE DUODENAL CANAL, WHICH CAUSES CONGENITAL
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• THE APPEARANCE OF ATRESIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH
CAUSES DISTURBANCES IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF
SYMPTOMS
PREGNANCY
DIAGNOSIS • THE PATHOLOGY IS FORMED IN THE PERIOD FROM 5 TO 12
WEEKS OF INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT • TYPES
I
COMPLICATIONS II
III
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• REPEATED VOMITING
CAUSES • ABDOMINAL DISTENSION
SYMPTOMS • FAILURE TO PASS MECONIUM

• POOR FEEDING AND WEIGHT LOSS
DIAGNOSIS
• DEHYDRATION
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS • DROWSINESS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• ULTRASOUND
CAUSES • X-RAY
SYMPTOMS • CORDOCENTESIS.
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION • 1. MALROTATION WITH VOLVULUS
CAUSES • 2. ANNULAR PANCREAS

• 3. INTESTINAL ATRESIA
SYMPTOMS
• 4. HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS
• 5. MALFORMATIONS OF THE BILIARY TRACT
DIFFERENTIAL • 6. GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• SURGERY IS THE ONLY WAY TO RESTORE THE PATENCY OF THE
CAUSES INTESTINAL TUBE.
• SURGICAL TREATMENT IS COMPLEMENTED BY INFUSION THERAPY,
SYMPTOMS
THE VOLUME AND COMPOSITION OF WHICH IS DETERMINED TAKING
DIAGNOSIS INTO ACCOUNT LABORATORY DATA.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• COMA
CAUSES • PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION
SYMPTOMS
• ESOPHAGITIS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• WITH ISOLATED DUODENAL ATRESIA, THE PROGNOSIS IS RELATIVELY
CAUSES FAVORABLE, ESPECIALLY WITH PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE PROBLEM
AND SUCCESSFUL ELECTIVE SURGERY. DOCTORS ARE SERIOUSLY
SYMPTOMS
CONCERNED ABOUT COMBINED ATRESIA OF THE DUODENUM AND
DIAGNOSIS ESOPHAGUS, THE MORTALITY RATE OF WHICH CAN REACH 50%.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DENAL ATRESIA DUODENAL STENOSIS ANNULAR PANCREA
DEFINITION DUODENAL STENOSIS IS A MEDICAL CONDITION IN WHICH THE DUODENAL

LUMEN, THE INNER SPACE OF THE FIRST PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE, IS
CAUSES ABNORMALLY NARROW. THIS NARROWING CAN IMPAIR THE PASSAGE OF
FOOD AND DIGESTIVE FLUIDS FROM THE STOMACH TO THE REST OF THE
SYMPTOMS
INTESTINE, LEADING TO SYMPTOMS SUCH AS VOMITING, ABDOMINAL PAIN,
DIAGNOSIS AND MALNUTRITION.
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CONGENITAL OR ACQUIRED
CAUSES
• CONGENITAL DUODENAL STENOSIS IS USUALLY
SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY A GENETIC MALPOSITION OF THE SMALL
INTESTINE AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH DOWN
DIAGNOSIS SYNDROME IN AROUND 30% OF CASES.
DIFFERENTIAL • ACQUIRED DUODENAL STENOSIS CAN BE CAUSED

DIAGNOSIS BY REPEATED INJURY AND SCARRING OF THE
DUODENUM DUE TO CHRONIC PEPTIC ULCERS, OR
TREATMENT BY INFECTION OR INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY
CERTAIN CONDITIONS, SUCH AS CROHN’S DISEASE
COMPLICATIONS AND DIVERTICULITIS.
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
Duodenal stenosis can also be caused by external compression of the
duodenum by other organs or structures, such as:
CAUSES • MALROTATION: A DISRUPTION OF THE ROTATION OF THE LARGE AND SMALL
INTESTINES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO.
SYMPTOMS
• ANNULAR PANCREAS: A MALPOSITION OF THE PANCREAS THAT CREATES A
DIAGNOSIS RING AROUND THE DUODENUM.
DIFFERENTIAL • LADD’S SYNDROME: A CONGENITAL VOLVULUS, OR ROTATION, OF A SECTION
DIAGNOSIS
OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT.
TREATMENT
• BRIDES: STRANDS OF SCARS THAT LIE AT THE HEIGHT OF THE ABDOMEN,
COMPLICATIONS USUALLY AFTER OPERATIONS.
PREVENTION • ATYPICAL BLOOD VESSELS: SUCH AS THE PORTAL VEIN OR THE SUPERIOR
MESENTERIC VEIN RUNNING DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE DUODENUM.
• INTESTINAL DUPLICATES OR DIVERTICULA: SAC-LIKE PROTRUSIONS ON THE

DEFINITION • DUODENAL STENOSIS CAN CAUSE A MECHANICAL

CAUSES OBSTRUCTION OF THE DUODENUM, LEADING TO IMPAIRED
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF FOOD AND FLUIDS
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
• THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOM OF DUODENAL STENOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL IS VOMITING, WHICH MAY BE BILIOUS (GREENISH) OR
DIAGNOSIS
NON-BILIOUS DEPENDING ON THE LOCATION OF THE
TREATMENT
STENOSIS. VOMITING TYPICALLY OCCURS WITHIN THE FIRST
COMPLICATIONS FEW DAYS OR WEEKS OF LIFE, AND MAY WORSEN OVER TIME
PREVENTION
IF NOT TREATED.
DEFINITION
OTHER SYMPTOMS OF DUODENAL STENOSIS
CAUSES MAY INCLUDE:
SYMPTOMS
• ABDOMINAL DISTENSION
DIAGNOSIS
• ABDOMINAL PAIN
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
• FAILURE TO THRIVE
• DEHYDRATION
TREATMENT
• ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
COMPLICATIONS
• MALNUTRITION
PREVENTION
DEFINITION • DUODENAL STENOSIS CAN BE DIAGNOSED BY PRENATAL ULTRASOUND, WHICH

MAY SHOW A DOUBLE BUBBLE SIGN (A DILATED STOMACH AND DUODENUM WITH
CAUSES
LITTLE OR NO AIR IN THE DISTAL BOWEL)
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• ABDOMINAL X-RAY CAN SHOW THE CLASSIC DOUBLE BUBBLE
CAUSES SIGN INDICATING A DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION Duodenal stenosis can be confused

E
with duodenal atresia, which is a
CAUSES
complete obstruction of the
SYMPTOMS duodenal lumen. However,
DIAGNOSIS duodenal atresia usually presents
DIFFERENTIAL
with a double bubble sign on
DIAGNOSIS imaging, which shows a dilated
TREATMENT stomach and duodenum with little
COMPLICATIONS
or no air in the distal
bowel. Duodenal stenosis may also
PREVENTION
show a double bubble sign, but with
some air in the distal bowel.
DEFINITION • DUODENAL STENOSIS IS TREATED SURGICALLY BY CREATING A NEW

CAUSES
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER SEGMENTS OF
THE DUODENUM, BYPASSING THE NARROWED OR BLOCKED
SYMPTOMS
AREA. THIS PROCEDURE IS CALLED DUODENODUODENOSTOMY.
DIAGNOSIS • THE SURGERY CAN BE PERFORMED EITHER THROUGH AN OPEN
DIFFERENTIAL ABDOMINAL INCISION, OR BY MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNIQUES,
DIAGNOSIS SUCH AS LAPAROSCOPY OR ROBOTIC SURGERY. THE CHOICE OF
TREATMENT TECHNIQUE DEPENDS ON THE SURGEON’S PREFERENCE, THE
PATIENT’S CONDITION, AND THE AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES.
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION • The surgery is usually performed within the first few

CAUSES days or weeks of life, depending on the severity of the
symptoms and the presence of other anomalies.
SYMPTOMS
• The surgery has a high success rate, with low mortality
DIAGNOSIS and morbidity. However, some complications may occur,
DIFFERENTIAL such as leakage, infection, bleeding, or obstruction.
DIAGNOSIS • After the surgery, the patient may need to receive
TREATMENT intravenous fluids and nutrition until the bowel function
COMPLICATIONS
recovers. The patient may also need to take antibiotics
and acid-suppressing medications to prevent infection
PREVENTION
and ulcers.
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
ODENAL ATRESIA ANNULAR PANCREAS SMA SYNDROME
DEFINITION
THE ANNULAR PANCREAS IS A RARE
CAUSES CONGENITAL MALFORMATION IN
WHICH PANCREATIC TISSUE
SYMPTOMS
SURROUNDS THE DESCENDING
DIAGNOSIS
PART OF THE DUODENUM OR
DIFFERENTIAL PORTAL VEIN ACCORDING TO THE
DIAGNOSIS TYPE OF RING.
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION EXACT ETIOLOGY HAS NOT BEEN PROVIDED. IN 6.7-39%

CASES IT IS ACCOMPANIED BH DEFECTS IN OTHER PARTS OF
CAUSES
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM;
SYMPTOMS -TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
DIAGNOSIS • TORCH INFECTION

INCREASED RADIATION BACKGROUND, POOR ECOLOGY,
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
-MATERNAL FACTORS
TREATMENT
• BAD HABITS
COMPLICATIONS
• FREQUENT STRESS
PREVENTION
• EXTRAGENITAL DISEASES
DEFINITION 5th week 2nd month
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION • 2/3 ASYMPTOMATIC
CAUSES • ANXIETY, CONSTANT CRYING, VOMITING WITH STAGNANT

STOMACH CONTENTS
SYMPTOMS
• SIGNS OF EXHAUSTION, DEHYDRATION
DIAGNOSIS
• STOOL +/-
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
• COMPLAINTS OF HEAVINESS AND PAIN IN THE UPPER ABDOMEN
TREATMENT
• DECREASED APPETITE
COMPLICATIONS
• PATIENT LOSE WEIGHT
PREVENTION
• MULTIPLE MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOVITAMINOSIS
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION • MEDICAL HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

• ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
CAUSES • ABDOMINAL X-RAY
• COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
SYMPTOMS
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
DIAGNOSIS • UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST STUDY
DIFFERENTIAL
• ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY
DIAGNOSIS • MRCP
• LABORATORY TESTS:
TREATMENT
SEVERITY OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY
COMPLICATIONS
BIOCHEMICAL STUDY WITH PROTEINOGRAM AND A LIPIDOGRAN
PREVENTION ANALYSIS OF BLOOD CLOTTING ABILITY
STANDART COPROGRAM
ANALYSIS OF PANCREATIC ELASTASE
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
CHEST X-RAY: DOUBLE BUBBLE SIGNS

DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
CT scan: Dilated common bile duct

DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Ultrasound
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
• SURGICAL INTERVENTION IS INDICATED FOR:

DEFINITION
- THE SYMPTOMATIC FORM OF DISEASE
CAUSES
- THE PRESENCE OF SIGNS OF COMPRESSION OF NEIGHBOURING
SYMPTOMS ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES/ INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
- IN ACUTE FORM →IMMEDIATELY
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS • 2 TYPES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT
TREATMENT
1) BYPASS SURGERY
2) RADICAL OPERATION
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
• HYPOVOLEMIA→DEATH
CAUSES
• ANEMIA
SYMPTOMS • STUNTING OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
DIAGNOSIS • OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
DIFFERENTIAL
• ENZYMATIC INSUFFICIENCY OF THE PANCREAS
DIAGNOSIS • RECURRENT PANCREATITIS
TREATMENT • CHOLANGIOPANCREATITIS
COMPLICATIONS • DUODENAL ULCER
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
PROGNOSIS
CAUSES
• PROGNOSIS IS FAVOURABLE
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
NULAR PANCREAS SMA SYNDROME
DEFINITION • NEONATAL SMA (SUPERIOR MESENTERIC

ARTERY) SYNDROME, ALSO KNOWN AS
CAUSES WILKIE'S SYNDROME OR CAST SYNDROME, IS
A RARE CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY
SYMPTOMS
COMPRESSION OR OBSTRUCTION OF THE
DIAGNOSIS THIRD PART OF THE DUODENUM (THE FIRST
PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE) DUE TO THE
DIFFERENTIAL NARROWING OF THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE
DIAGNOSIS
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (SMA) AND
TREATMENT THE ABDOMINAL AORTA.
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION 1. CONGENITAL ANATOMICAL ABNORMALITIES: SOME INFANTS MAY BE

BORN WITH ANATOMICAL ABNORMALITIES THAT PREDISPOSE THEM TO
CAUSES SMA SYNDROME. MAINLY CHILDREN WHO IN ASTHENIC TYPE SUFFER
FROM THIS DISEASE.
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS 2. RAPID GROWTH OR WEIGHT GAIN
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS 3. FEEDING TUBE PLACEMENT
TREATMENT
4. OTHER ANATOMICAL FACTORS: CERTAIN ANATOMICAL FACTORS THAT
COMPLICATIONS
ARE SPECIFIC TO NEONATES, SUCH AS A RELATIVELY LARGE LIVER OR A
PREVENTION SHORT LENGTH OF THE SMALL INTESTINE, CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE
OCCURRENCE OF NEONATAL SMA SYNDROME.
DEFINITION 1. FEEDING DIFFICULTIES

2. VOMITING OR REGURGITATION
CAUSES
3. ABDOMINAL DISTENSION
SYMPTOMS
4. WEIGHT LOSS OR POOR WEIGHT
GAIN.
DIAGNOSIS
5. DEHYDRATION
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS 6. FAILURE TO THRIVE
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION 1. IMAGING STUDIES: THESE IMAGING STUDIES INCLUDE:

A. ABDOMINAL X-RAY
CAUSES
B. ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
SYMPTOMS
C. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN
DIAGNOSIS
2. UPPER ENDOSCOPY
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION 1. GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)

2. INTESTINAL MALROTATION WITH VOLVULUS
CAUSES
3. PYLORIC STENOSIS
SYMPTOMS
4. METABOLIC DISORDERS: SOME METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS
GALACTOSEMIA OR MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION 1. CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT
CAUSES 2. NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

3. DECOMPRESSION
SYMPTOMS
4. CORRECTING UNDERLYING CAUSES
DIAGNOSIS
5. SURGICAL INTERVENTION: DUODENOJEJUNOSTOMY
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION 1. SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS: THESE MAY INCLUDE INFECTION,

BLEEDING, ANESTHESIA-RELATED COMPLICATIONS, OR DAMAGE TO
CAUSES SURROUNDING STRUCTURES
2. POSTOPERATIVE RECOVERY ISSUES
SYMPTOMS
3. GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DEFINITION •PREVENTING SMA SYNDROME IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD

INVOLVES ADDRESSING POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS, ESPECIALLY IN
CAUSES CASES WHERE ANATOMIC ABNORMALITIES MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO
THE COMPRESSION OF THE DUODENUM. THESE RISK FACTORS MAY
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE RAPID WEIGHT LOSS, SEVERE SCOLIOSIS, OR OTHER
CONDITIONS THAT LEAD TO DECREASED MESENTERIC FAT PADS
DIAGNOSIS
•THE PROGNOSIS FOLLOWING TREATMENT FOR NEONATAL
DIFFERENTIAL SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME LARGELY DEPENDS ON
DIAGNOSIS THE UNDERLYING CAUSE, THE TIMING OF DIAGNOSIS, AND THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CHOSEN TREATMENT.
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
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UPPER INTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES

Made by: 401 – A group

MORPHOLOGICA 1. HYPERTROPHY OF THE PYLORIC MUSCLE

DIFFERENTIAL • ADDITIONAL CHANGES:

DEFINITION - in palpation, olive-shaped mass is

CAUSES PROCEDURE STEPS:

SYMPTOMS oSMALLER INCISIONS

CAUSES • Neonatal stomach atresia, also known as congenital gastric

COMPLICATIONS • Environmental factors: environmental factors, such as

CAUSES • Inability to swallow

SYMPTOMS Onset of Symptoms Birth Birth 3-6 weeks of age

COMPLICATIONS Bowel Movements Absent Absent Normal Absent or bloody

Gastric Residuals Large Large May be present Variable

SYMPTOMS • FAILURE TO PASS MECONIUM

DEFINITION • 1. MALROTATION WITH VOLVULUS

CAUSES • 2. ANNULAR PANCREAS

DEFINITION DUODENAL STENOSIS IS A MEDICAL CONDITION IN WHICH THE DUODENAL

DIFFERENTIAL • ACQUIRED DUODENAL STENOSIS CAN BE CAUSED

• INTESTINAL DUPLICATES OR DIVERTICULA: SAC-LIKE PROTRUSIONS ON THE

DEFINITION • DUODENAL STENOSIS CAN CAUSE A MECHANICAL

DEFINITION • DUODENAL STENOSIS CAN BE DIAGNOSED BY PRENATAL ULTRASOUND, WHICH

DEFINITION Duodenal stenosis can be confused

DEFINITION • DUODENAL STENOSIS IS TREATED SURGICALLY BY CREATING A NEW

DEFINITION • The surgery is usually performed within the first few

DEFINITION EXACT ETIOLOGY HAS NOT BEEN PROVIDED. IN 6.7-39%

DIAGNOSIS • TORCH INFECTION

DEFINITION 5th week 2nd month

DEFINITION • 2/3 ASYMPTOMATIC

CAUSES • ANXIETY, CONSTANT CRYING, VOMITING WITH STAGNANT

DEFINITION • MEDICAL HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

CHEST X-RAY: DOUBLE BUBBLE SIGNS

CT scan: Dilated common bile duct

• SURGICAL INTERVENTION IS INDICATED FOR:

COMPLICATIONS • DUODENAL ULCER

DEFINITION • NEONATAL SMA (SUPERIOR MESENTERIC

DEFINITION 1. CONGENITAL ANATOMICAL ABNORMALITIES: SOME INFANTS MAY BE

DIAGNOSIS 2. RAPID GROWTH OR WEIGHT GAIN

DEFINITION 1. FEEDING DIFFICULTIES

DEFINITION 1. IMAGING STUDIES: THESE IMAGING STUDIES INCLUDE:

DEFINITION 1. GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)

DEFINITION 1. CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT

CAUSES 2. NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

DEFINITION 1. SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS: THESE MAY INCLUDE INFECTION,

DEFINITION •PREVENTING SMA SYNDROME IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD

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