THERMODYNAMICS AND

OPTICS

FISICA 1
Avilés Chávez Diego
Esquivel Maya Oscar Alexander
Tepoxteco Roldan José Emiliano
Faustino Barajas Rodrigo
INTERNAL ENERGY
•What is it?
Internal energy of a system or a
body with well defined
boundaries is the total of the
kinetic energy due to the motion
of molecules and the potential
energy associated with the
vibrational motion and electric
energy of atoms within molecules.
INTERNAL ENERGY OF A CLOSED SYSTEM

•For a closed system the internal energy is essentially defined by

•ΔU = q + W

•Where:

•U is the change in internal energy of a system during a process

•q is the heat
•W is the mechanical work.

•If an energy exchange occurs because of temperature difference between a

system and its surroundings, this energy appears as heat otherwise it appears as
work. When a force acts on a system through a distance the energy is
transferred as work. The above equation shows that energy is conserved.

•The different components of internal energy of a system is given below.

EXAMPLE OF AN INTERNAL ENERGY

For example the internal energy of

water depends on whether it is in
the solid, liquid or gas state and it's
temperature. Liquid water has
more internal energy than solid
copper at the same temperature
due to its state..
2. ZERO LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

In order to assert that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium, it is not necessary to bring them into
direct contact with each other. Indeed, if two bodies, A and B, are each separately in thermal
equilibrium with the same third body, C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium. The validity of the
foregoing statement constitutes the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. This law is more than Euclid's
principle: 'Things that are equal to the same thing are equal to each other.' Translated into algebra, it
states that 'If a=b and b=c, then a=c.'
Let's see. Suppose a piece of steel and a certain amount of water are in thermal equilibrium; furthermore, the
piece of steel is also in thermal equilibrium with a given volume of oil. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
establishes that necessarily, the oil and water will be in thermal equilibrium. However, it does not assert that
water and oil are equal.
 The first law of thermodynamics
“Law of conservation of energy”
The first law of thermodynamics states that:
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed.”

ΔU=Q-W
By supplying a given amount of heat (Q) to a physical system, its total amount of
energy can be calculated as the heat supplied minus the work (W) done by the system
on its surroundings.

ΔU =Q -W
Where:
•U is the internal energy.
•Q is the amount of heat supplied to the system.
•W is the work done by the system.
Example´s:
•With popcorn: when we make popcorn in the microwave, an envelope comes in with corn seeds that
gain energy through heat transfer. As the popcorn swells, it does work to inflate the bag.

With melted butter: when we beat a stick of cold butter in a bowl, its internal energy increases due to
the transfer of heat from the environment and the work of whipping.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation, which states
that heat always flows spontaneously from the hottest to the coldest regions of matter and also states that it is
impossible to transform all heat into work.
EXAMPLE

For example: If we have a body with more energy than the other, the one with more energy can transmit
energy to the one with less energy and in the process lose energy.
When we have an energy exchange system: T1= Q+T2

Entropy:

It is the measure of the molecular disorder of a system which is calculated with:

Entropy:

It is the measure of the molecular disorder of a system which is calculated with:

Where: :Is entropy increase

:Heat absorbed by the system

:Absolute temperature
Optics
SPHERICAL MIRROR CHARACTERISTICS
•The focal point (F) of a concave mirror is the
point at which a parallel beam of light is
"focussed" after reflection in the mirror. For a
convex mirror the focal point is the point from
which light appears to have originated after
reflection from the mirror.
•The centre of curvature (C) is the centre of the
circle (sphere) of which the mirror is an arc.
•The focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R)
are defined in the diagram at the right. It can be
shown that R = 2f. "A" in the diagram is known
as the "vertex" (often labeled V).
2. MIRRORS, CONCAVE AND CONVEX
in a concave mirror, the principal axis is a line that is perpendicular to the center of the mirror. This
point is located halfway between the mirror and the center of curvature on the principal axis. The
distance to the focal point from the mirror is called the focal length. is also equal to half of the radius
of curvature.

Below is a summary of the properties of concave mirrors:

Converging

Real image

Inverted

Image in front of the mirror

CONVEX MIRRORS

In convex mirrors, the principal axis is the same as in a flat or concave mirror, perpendicular to the
center of the mirror. In this case, the focal point is behind the mirror. A convex mirror has a negative
focal length because of this. The focal point is at the same distance from the mirror as in a concave
mirror.

Divergent

Virtual image

Upright

Image behind the mirror

 FORMATION OF IMAGES, ACCORDING TO THE
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE OBJECT

Image formation is the process by which a visual

representation of an object is created in a specific
location. Image formation can occur in different
contexts.

In optics, image formation is

governed by the principles of
geometric optics, which considers
the propagation of light rays.
Optical Aberrations:
•Different positions of the object can introduce optical aberrations, such as chromatic aberration and
spherical aberration, which affect the quality of the image formed.

Depth of Field:
•The position of the object also influences the depth of field, which is the range of distances where
objects appear in focus in the image.