UNDERSTANDING CRACKS IN

UNREINFORCED MASONSRY
STRUCTURES

Samriddhi Tiwari, 2021UCE1573

TRODUCTION TO UNREINFORCED
MASONRY BULDINGS
• Definition: Unreinforced masonry buldings are constructed using bricks, stones or
concrete blocks without any reinforcing elements like steel bars. The rely solely on
the strength of masonry material for support.

• Common materials used: Materials commonly used included brick, stone, adobe or
concrete blocks.

• Structural Vulnerability: These buildings are prone to structural vulnerabilities

such as poor seismic resistance, limited ductility or susceptibility to cracking under
various stress conditions.
 CAUSES OF CRACKS IN MASONRY
BUILDINGS
• Material properties impacting cracks: The characteristics of masonry materials, such as
strength, porosity, and shrinkage, directly influence the formation of cracks in masonry
structures.

• Environmental factors influencing cracking: Exposure to environmental elements like

temperature variations, humidity levels, and chemical reactions can accelerate the
deterioration of masonry and lead to cracks.

• Structural stressors contributing to cracking: External forces, improper load distribution,

and foundation settlement can create stress concentration in masonry buildings leading to
cracks.
 TYPES OF CRACKS
• Horizontal cracks: Horizontal cracks indicate excessive lateral pressure or foundation
settlement.

• Vertical cracks: Vertical cracks can result from thermal expansion, structural settlement, or
poor construction practices, affecting overall stability of masonry walls.

• Diagonal Cracks: Diagonal cracks suggest shear stresses or differential movement within
the masonry, often linked to external forces or foundation issues.
 TYPES OF CRACKS
• Stair step cracks: These are visible in brick masonry, they are indicative of settlement of
structural movement along mortar joints, requiring prompt attention to prevent further
damage.

Some other types of cracks include:

• Cracking near openings
• Separation between roof and walls or wall separations
• Cracking in arch and vault
 CRACK PATTERNS AND SEVERITY
• Measurement scales: Crack patterns are evaluated using measurement scales to assess the
severity and extent of damage, guiding repair and maintenance decisions.

• Visual inspection: Detailed visual inspections are essential for identifying crack patterns,
their locations and potential causes to determine appropriate intervention measures.

• Structural Integrity Assessment: Comprehensive evaluation of load bearing elements and

potential risks of progressive damage.