MATERIAL
LED
The main semiconductor materials used to
manufacture LEDs are: Indium gallium nitride
(InGaN), Aluminum gallium indium phosphide
(AlGaInP), Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)
PHOTODIODE
Photodiodes can be manufactured from a variety of
materials including, but not limited to, Silicon,
Germanium, and Indium Gallium Arsenide.
OPTO-COUPLER
Optocouplers consist of a LED and a photodetector,
separated by an optically transparent barrier. Materials used
for the optically transparent barrier are glass or plastic. The
LED is made of materials like gallium arsenide while the
photodetector can be made of silicon.
SOLAR CELL
The metal that is highly used in solar cells is silicon as it
shows the properties of a semiconductor. Cesium metal is
also used in making solar cells due to its low ionization
energy .
CONSTRUCTION
LED OPTO-COUPLER

PHOTODIODE SOLAR CELL

WORKING
PHOTODIODE
The working principle of a photodiode is, when a
photon of ample energy strikes the diode, it makes a
couple of an electron-hole. This mechanism is also
called the inner photoelectric effect. If the absorption
arises in the depletion region junction, then the carriers
are removed from the junction by the inbuilt electric
field of the depletion region. herefore, holes in the
region move toward the anode, and electrons move
toward the cathode, and a photocurrent will be
generated
LED
LEDs work on the principle of Electroluminescence.
On passing a current through the diode, minority
charge carriers and majority charge carriers recombine
at the junction. On recombination, energy is released in
the form of photons.
OPTO-COUPLER
The basic working principle of Optocoupler is the
output of the electrically isolated circuit is controlled
by varying the input of the circuit. Input is given to the
Infra red LED by a voltage source, the intensity of the
voltage source is adjusted by varying the input voltage.
The photo detector detects this light and converts light
energy into photo current. The output current produced
is then amplified.
SOLAR CELL
When the material is exposed to photons of sunlight
(very small packets of energy) it releases electrons and
produces an electric charge. This PV charge creates an
electric current which is captured by the wiring in
solar panels. This DC electricity is then converted to
AC by an inverter.
V-I
CHARACTERISTICS
LED OPTO COUPLER

PHOTO DIODE
SOLAR CELL
APPLICATIONS
LED
1.Picture phones and digital
watches
2.Camera flashes and
automotive heat lamps
3.Aviation lighting
4.Digital computers and
calculators
PHOTO DIODE
1. Light Meters
2.Automatic Shutter Control
3. Auto-focus
4. Photographic Flash Control
5.Bar Code Scanners
6.Light Pens
OPTO COUPLER
1.Solenoid/valve controls
2.Static power switches
3.Temperature controls
4.AC motor starters and drivers
SOLAR CELL
1.Its mostly use in the field of toys,
watches, etc.
2.They also use in the field of electric
fence.
3.Its also use in the field of Remote
lighting systems area.
4.This may be use in the field of
portable power supplies