CHAPTER FOUR

PRODUCT AND SERVICE

CONCEPT
 4.1. PRODUCT AND TECHNOLOGY
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 Given the variety types of innovations these days,

very few products require sophisticated scientific
knowledge.
 Majority of new products tend to revolve around
low-tech or no-tech innovations.
 For entrepreneurial convenience, product
technologies are generally classified into three major
classes:
1. High – tech products
2. Mid-tech Products
3. Low-tech products
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1. High-tech products:
 Such products tend to be more of “state of the art”
products reflecting current levels of technological
advancement. Examples include;
 Semiconductors ,Digital CD players, Laser Instruments,
Computerized cameras, Satellite systems, etc
2. Mid-tech products:
 This technology assumes the use of existing resources,
or methods of production that result in new products.
Examples include;
 Cosmetics, Fertilizers and nutrients, Desktop
publishing, Power supplies, Fax machine, etc
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3. Low-tech products:
 such products are ones that generally are understood
to be developed as a result of small changes or
improvements in existing products.
 However, development of low-tech products requires
insight by entrepreneurs to see opportunities.
Examples include;
 Office furniture, Paper supplies, Plastic toys,
Clothing and textiles, Printer ribbons, Candy and
Cookies, Building supplies, etc.
 Product Development Process
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Product development process is part of the overall

new-venture creation process.
There are 8 stages of new product development
process:
1. Idea generation
2. Idea screening
3. Concept development and testing
4. Market strategy
5. Business analysis
6. Product Development
7. Market testing
8. Commercialization
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1. Idea generation
 The new product development process starts with
search for ideas. Sources of new product ideas:
I. Internal sources
 Employees: -
 successful companies have established a procedure
that encourages every employee coming with new
idea.
 Top management, Research and development etc.
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II. External sources

 Customers-
 May the best idea comes from asking customer to
describe their problems with current products.
 Distributers:-
 They are good sources of new product idea.
 They have first hand exposure to customers' need and
compliant
 Competitors: -
 companies can also find good ideas by examining their
competitors’ product.
 Idea generating techniques
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Attribute listing:- calls for listing an existing

products major attributes and then modifying each
attribute in the search for improved product.
Forced relationship:- several objects are
considered in relation to one another to create a new
product.
Brain storming:- People from different sections
(customers, dealers and others) are invited and
asked to discuss on particular matter.
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2. Idea screening
 In the second stage, the purpose is to minimize the
number of ideas to few valuable ideas.
 The ideas should be written down and reviewed by
an idea committee who should sort the ideas in to
three groups? Promising ideas, marginal ideas, and
rejects: Each promising idea should be researched by
committee members.
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3. Concept Development and testing

 A product concept is a detailed version of the new-
product idea stated in meaningful consumer terms.
 Any product idea can be turned in to several product
concepts.
 The questions asked include.
 Who will use the product?
 What benefits should the product provide?
 When will people consume the product?
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 Concept testing:-
 calls for testing product concepts with an
appropriate group of target consumers, then getting
the consumers reactions.
 At this stage the concepts can be in words or picture
description.
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4. Marketing strategy development

 After testing the new product the manger must
develop a preliminary marketing strategy plan for
introducing the new product into the market.
 The marketing strategy will undergo further
refinement in subsequent stages.
 The marketing strategy plan consists of three parts:
1. Market size, structure, behavior.
2. Planned price, distribution strategy, and marketing budget
of 1st year.
3. Long run sales and profit goals, marketing mix strategy.
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5. Business Analysis
 After management develops product concept and marketing
strategy, it can evaluate the proposals business attractiveness.
 Management needs to prepare sales, cost and profit
projections to determine whether they satisfy the company's
objective.
 Estimated total sales:- Management needs to estimate
whether sales will be high enough to yield satisfactory profit.
 Estimating cost and profits:- After sales forecast, the
management should estimate the expected cost and profit at
various levels of sale.
 The company can use other financial measurements to
evaluate the merit of a new product proposal.
 The simplest is breakeven analysis.
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6. Product development
 Its goal is to find a prototype that the consumers see
as embodying the key attribute described in the
product concept statement.
 How will consumer react to different colors, sizes,
weight & other physical cues.
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7. Market testing
 After management is satisfied with the products
functional and psychological performance, the
product is ready to be dressed up with the brand
name.
 Test Marketing yield several benefits
 More reliable forecast of future sale.
 Pretesting of alternative of future sale.
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8. Commercialization
The final step in the product development process
is commercialization.
This step is introducing a product into the market.
The company bringing out a new product must
make the following decisions:
 When? When is the time right (timing) to introduce the new
product?
 Where? The company must decide whether to launch the new
product in a single location, a region, several regions, the
national market, or the inter-national market.
 To whom (Target-market-prospect):
 Product protection Issues
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Legal Issues For The Entrepreneur

 Following are the key legal issues for the entrepreneur:
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
 'Intellectual property is a legal definition of/ ideas,
inventions, artistic works and other commercially
viable products created out of one's own mental
processes.
 In the same sense that real estate titles establish
ownership of tangible items, intellectual property is
protected by such legal means as patents, copyrights,
and trademark registrations.
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1. Patents
 A patent provides the owner with exclusive rights to
hold, transfer, and license the production and sale of a
product/process.
 It is an intellectual property right.
 It is issued by government to the inventor.
 This exclusive property right can be granted for a
number of years depending on the countries laws and
type of property.
 Patents are property rights that can be sold and
transferred, as well as licensed and at times used as
collateral.
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2. Trademarks
 These are distinctive names, marks, symbols or
motto identified with a company’s product or service
and registered by government offices.
 Trademarks unlike patents are periodically renewed
unless invalidated by cancellations, abandonment, or
other technical registration/renewal issues.
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3. Copyrights
 Copyrights provide exclusive rights to creative
individuals for the protection of literary or artistic
productions.
 They pertain to intellectual property.
 Usually copyrights are valid for the life of the
inventor plus a few decades.
THE
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END