Introduction to V-I

Characteristics
Understanding the V-I (voltage-current) characteristics is essential for analyzing
the behaviour of solar cells and LEDs. This involves studying how the current
passing through a device varies with the applied voltage.
What is a Solar Cell?
1 Semiconductor Device
A solar cell is a semiconductor device
that converts sunlight directly into
electricity using the photovoltaic effect.
2 Energy Production
It generates electrical energy as long as
there is sunlight available, making it a
sustainable energy source.

3 Applications
Solar cells are used in various applications including spacecraft, residential rooftops, and
remote telecommunications systems.
How Does a Solar Cell Work?
Photovoltaic Effect Electric Field

When photons from sunlight are absorbed by the The electric field created by the junction of the
solar cell, they create an electric current by loosening semiconductor layers separates the electrons and
electrons from their atoms. holes, resulting in a flow of current.
V-I Characteristics of a Solar Cell
1 Operating Conditions
The V-I characteristics show the behavior of a
solar cell under different operational
conditions, such as varying levels of sunlight
and temperature.
2 Maximum Power Point
It reveals the maximum power output point of
the solar cell, crucial for efficient energy
harvesting.
What is an LED?
1 Light Emitting Diode
An LED is a semiconductor light source
that emits light when an electric current
passes through it.
2 Energy Efficiency
LEDs are highly efficient, converting a
higher percentage of electricity into
light compared to traditional lighting
sources.
How Does an LED Work?
Electroluminescence Semiconductor Material

When electrons recombine with electron holes within The specific semiconductor material used determines
the device, they release energy in the form of the color and wavelength of the emitted light.
photons, producing light.
V-I Characteristics of an LED
1 Forward Voltage vs Current
The V-I characteristics illustrate the relationship between the voltage applied and the resulting
current flow through an LED, enabling efficient usage.
Comparison of V-I Characteristics Between
Solar Cells and LEDs
Energy Conversion Operating Conditions

Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity, while The V-I characteristics of both illustrate their
LEDs convert electricity into light, showcasing their efficiency under varied operating conditions,
complementary roles in energy utilization. providing insights into their performance.