HOMEOSTAS

BIOLOGY II
Explain homeostasis
Describe the regulation of body
temperature, body fluids , gas
concentration , and blood
pressure.
Summarize the importance
and advantages of
It refers to the body’s ability to maintain a
constant internal environment.

It helps the cells in your body to function

optimally.

All cellular activities are controlled by different

feedback mechanisms that regulate body
temperature, body fluids, gas concentration,
blood pressure, and glucose concentration.
It serves as the gatekeeper of the cell.
It allows selected substances go in
and out of the cell , which is why it is
described as semipermeable.
It contains signal receptors that help in
identifying substances in and out of
the cell.
The structure of cell
membrane is highly
specialized to allow
efficient movement
of substances in and
out of the cell.
 -
shows the events that happen when
a certain stimulus changes the
internal condition of the body.
1. Stimulus – a structure that produce the change
2. Receptor – a structure that detects the change
3.Control center – a structure that determines the
appropriate response to the stimulus.
4.Effector – can be organs , glands , or tissues that are
instructed to adjust the amount of output that produces a
desired effect
5.Response – the outcome of the adjustment that should
remove the initial stimulus.
This type of mechanism allows the internal
condition of the body to go back to its normal
or ideal state by inhibiting or removing the
stimulus . As the concentration of products or
substances inside the body increases , the rate
of process decreases.
Ex. When body absorbs too much glucose
 Pancreas detects Liver secretes
glucose insulin Glucose
increase turns
into
glycogen
no deviation
Glucose norm Glucose norm

Glucagon
turns
Pancreas detects Liver secretes into glucose
glucose decrease glucagon
The positive feedback mechanism is exactly the
opposite of the negative feedback mechanism.
Here, the increase in the concentration or products
or substances also results in an increase in the
rate of process.
Positive feedback mechanisms allow the output to
enhance the original stimulus.
 RECEPTO CONTROL
R CENTER

STIMULUS

EFFECTOR
RESPONSE
 Setpoint and Normal Range
 For any given variable, such as body temperature or
Blood glucose level, there is a particular setpoint that is the
physiological optimum value.For example, the setpoint for human
body temperature is about 37 ºC (98.6 ºF). As the body works to
maintain homeostasis for temperature or any other internal
variable,the value typically fluctuates around the set point. Such
fluctuations are normal as long as they do not become too extreme.
The spread of values within which such fluctuations are considered
insignificant is called the normal range. In the case of body
temperature, for example, the normal range for an adult is about 36.5
to 37.5 ºC (97.7 to 99.5 ºF).
 Maintaining Homeostasis
Homeostasis
is normally maintained in the human body by an extremely complex balancing
act. Regardless of the variable being kept within its normal range,
maintaining homeostasis requires at least four interacting components: stimulus,
sensor, control center, and effector.
1. The stimulus is provided by the variable that is being regulated. Generally,
the stimulus indicates that the value of the variable has moved away from the set
point or has left the normal range.
2.The sensor monitors the values of the variable and sends data on it to the control
center.
3.The control center matches the data with normal values. If the value is not at the
set point or is outside the normal range, the control center sends a signal to the
effector.
4.The effector is an organ, gland, muscle, or other structure that acts on the signal
from the control center to move the variable back toward the set point.
 The diagram on the left is a general model showing how the
components interact to maintain homeostasis. The stimulus activates
the sensor. The sensor activates the control system that regulates the
effector. The diagram on the right shows the example of body
temperature. From the diagrams, you can see that maintaining
homeostasis involves feedback, which is data that feeds back to control
a response. High body temperature may stimulate the temperature
regulatory center of the brain to activate the sweat glands to bring the
body temperature down. When body temperature reaches normal
range, it acts as negative feedback to stop the process. Feedback may
be negative or positive. All the feedback mechanisms that maintain
homeostasis use negative feedback. Biological examples of positive
feedback are much less common.
Regulation of Body Fluids
Regulation of Gas
Concentration
Regulation of Blood Pressure