Introduction

Construction material is any material which is used for a construction

purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood
and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct .
 Rock or stone

• Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building
material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock throughout the
world, all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses.
• Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too; its main drawback as a material
is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density is also considered a big drawback, as stone is
hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources.
 Cement:

• Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently,

and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the
Romans, who used the term to describe masonry resembling modern
concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.
• Cement is the active ingredient of concrete (binder). There are many
kind of cements, but the most especially is Portland (PCB40).
• Cement combined with water to cement mortar, it enclose sands and
stones to create concrete. Hard cement mortar to associate ingredients
together and make concrete as hard as rock.
 Sand:

Sand is naturally occuring granular material composed of finely divided

rock and mineral particles.The composition of sand is highly variable,
depending on the local rock sources and conditions,but the most
common constituent of sand in inland continental setting and non-
tropical coastal settings is.
The sand is structure of small particles, it is used for mixing
mortar construction or building a road-bed.
 Asphalt:

Asphalt is liquid or semi-solid has high viscosity and it is

black. The main component of asphalt is bitumen.
 Steel:

• Steel is an indispensable material in construction. It is

essence for foundation composition, column of a house,
bridge buttress.
• Steel has many types with different shapes as: U, V, I, T,…
or different diameters as: Ø8, Ø10, Ø20….
 Grammar
Irregular verbs
All new verbs in English are regular.
I photocopied the report.
She faxed it to me.
They emailed everybody about it.
I googled my name and got more than 20 000 responses.
There are approximately 180 irregular verbs. You don't need to learn all of them because
some of these are very rare but many others are very useful and you do need to know
them.
What's the easiest way to learn them? Some people think you should learn a list 'by heart'.
Others think you should not learn them at all – you will just gradually acquire them over
time.
One useful method is to note down new irregular verbs as you meet them. It is useful to write
these verbs (or any vocabulary you want to learn) in sentences and learn those rather
than the individual word.
Which is easier to learn?
stick stuck stuck
I stuck the photo into my album.
 Another technique is to classify the irregular verbs into 4 categories.

1. All forms the same 3. The second and third forms are the same.
set set set bend bent bent
cost cost cost sleep slept slept
spend spent spent
2. Similar sound groups
bring brought brought
beat beat beaten buy bought bought
eat ate eaten teach taught taught
blow blew blown have had had
throw threw thrown pay paid paid
say said said
drink drank drunk
4. The "unclassifiables"
sing sang sung
come came come
speak spoke spoken do did done
wake woke woken go went gone
show showed show
Listening the video
The main components of asphalt mixing machine
 Reading
What is the difference between asphalt and concrete ?
• Asphalt and concrete are two construction materials
which are commonly used around the world. The
primary difference between the two is that asphalt is
made by mixing aggregate with bitumen, a sticky black
hydrocarbon which is extracted from natural deposits
or crude oil. Concrete is made by mixing an aggregate
material with a cement binder and then allowing the
mixture to harden, forming a rock-like substance.
Asphalt and concrete are used for different
construction tasks, ranging from roofing to sidewalks.
If you want to get really technical, asphalt is actually a form of concrete,
since “concrete” really means any mixture of an aggregate and a binder
which solidifies after curing. This is why you may have heard engineers
refer to “asphalt concrete,” meaning “a type of concrete made with bitumen
as a binder.” However, most lay people use “concrete” to refer specifically
to a mixture of aggregate with a binding cement, and for the purpose of
this article, we will use this difference to distinguish between asphalt and
concrete.
 When asphalt is made, a company mixes bitumen with rocks or other
aggregate material which is ground to roughly the same size. The resulting
composite material is black to brown in color and very sticky because of the
bitumen. Once the asphalt has been mixed, it can be rolled out onto roadways
and compressed with the use of a steam roller, or used to coat roofing shingles
and other construction materials. Once the asphalt sets, it is a smooth, solid,
water-resistant covering. Asphalt is classically used to make blacktop, the
material used to cover playgrounds and many roads.
To make concrete, aggregate materials are mixed with a cement binder.
Cements include minerals like limestone and gypsum which will harden into a
solid when mixed with water and allowed to cure. Concrete can vary in texture,
appearance, and use depending on the type of aggregate used; the most
common choice of cement is Portland cement, a binder which has been used
for thousands of years. Concrete can be poured into molds for a wide range of
purposes; many older roads are paved with concrete, although asphalt is the
preferred material for modern road surfaces.
An easy way to remember the different between asphalt and concrete
is that asphalt is usually black to brown in color, and it can have a
distinctive texture and odor from the bitumen, especially on hot days,
while concrete is grayish in color and looks more like rock. If you are a
fan of splitting hairs and the topic of asphalt and concrete comes up,
feel free to inform people that asphalt actually is concrete.