Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

Unit-3: Angle Modulation Systems

(Part 2)

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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency modulation

Phase modulation

Narrow and Wide band FM

Generation and demodulation of FM signal

Conversion of FM to PM and PM to FM

Generation and demodulation of PM signal

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Frequency Modulation Sideband

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Frequency modulation

The modulation index, m or β represents the

phase deviation of the FM signal and is
measured in radians. Depending on the value
of β, FM signal can be classified into two types:
1. Narrow band FM (β << 1)
2. Wide band FM (β >> 1)

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Frequency modulation

1. Wide band FM
• Modulation index, m or β > 1
• Has high maximum deviation (~ 75khz) and high deviation
ratio (~ 5).
• Allows higher audio quality (for music), but occupies more
bandwidth
• Most common example is broadcast FM stations.
• 87.9 to 107.9 MHz (in US)
• Station spaced 200Khz apart

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Frequency modulation

2. Narrow band FM
• Modulation index, m or β < 1
• Has relatively low max deviation (3 to 5 KHz) and the deviation
ratio (~0.5).
• Lower audio quality, but occupies much less bandwidth.
• Typically used for 2 ways voice communication.
• Typical channel width is usually 12.5kHz or 25kHz

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Frequency modulation

Frequency Modulation bandwidth:

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Bessel Functions Table

Carrier and sideband amplitudes for different modulation indexes of FM signals based on the
Bessel functions.

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Frequency modulation

Carson’s Rule
• Was named after John Renshaw Carson.
• Bandwidth of FM signal contains 98% of total signal power;
)
• Example: A commercial FM broadcast station with ∆f 75khz
and fm 15khz. 98% power bandwidth is 180khz.
• FM broadcast stations are spaced 200khz apart to provide
additional guard band to provide interference between each
of frequency.

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Frequency modulation

Carson’s Rule/Approximate Rule to determine transmission bandwidth

where
Case 1: Narrow Band FM ( << 1) such that << 1 or
….. Same as AM

Case 2: Wide Band FM ( 1) such that >> 1 or

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Frequency modulation

International Regulation for FM:

• Prescribed by Consultative Committee for International Radio.
 The maximum frequency deviation is ± 75 KHz.
 Frequency stability of the carrier is ± 2KHz.
 Allowable bandwidth per channel is 200KHz.

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Example 1:
A sinusoidal wave of amplitude 10 volts and frequency of 1 kHz is applied
to an FM generator that has a frequency sensitivity constant of 40
Hz/volt. Determine the frequency deviation and modulating index.

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Example 2:
A modulating signal m(t) =10 Cos(10000πt) modulates a
carrier signal, Ac Cos(2πfct). Find the frequency deviation and
modulation index of the resulting FM signal. Use kf =
5kHz/volt.

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Frequency Modulation Spectrum

• Represents the relative amounts of different frequency

components in any signal.
• Display on the graphic-equalizer in your stereo which has led
showing the relative amounts of bass, midrange and treble.

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Modulating wave

Modulating wave

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 Example 3

Answer:
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Frequency Modulation

• As obtained in the previous equation, the FM modulated signal is:

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Frequency Modulation

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Tutorial
• Derive the equation for FM signal that include the carrier
band and sideband using Bessel function.

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Bessel Functions
• The equation that expresses the phase angle in terms of
the sine wave modulating signal is solved with a complex
mathematical process known as Bessel functions.

• Bessel coefficients are widely available and it is not

necessary to memorize or calculate them.

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Bessel Functions Table

Carrier and sideband amplitudes for different modulation indexes of FM signals based on the
Bessel functions.

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FM Signal Bandwidth
BESSEL FUNCTION
• For FM signal analysis, an advanced calculus equation called Bessel function is required.
It can be obtained in a tabulated form (Bessel Function table) or in graph form.
• Using Bessel Function table, the bandwidth BWFM is given by,

Where n = the number of pairs of significant sideband

the frequency modulating signal.
CARSON’S RULE
• This is a rule of thumb to estimate the bandwidth for an FM signal transmission.
• The minimum bandwidth is twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the
highest modulating signal frequency.
• Mathematically, Carson’s rule is,

Where = peak frequency deviation

modulating signal frequency

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 Tutorial
For the FM modulator with 40kHz frequency
deviation and an modulating signal frequency, ,
determine the bandwidth using both the Bessel
function table and Carson’s rule.
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Bessel Functions Table

Carrier and sideband amplitudes for different modulation indexes of FM signals based on the
Bessel functions.

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Thank You For Coming !

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