4 Rev 1

II.
Design of Tension Structures

Example
Determine the maximum safe load T that the splice connection can resist using ASD.
The bolts are 16mm diameter. The two plates at the left are both
PL300x10 and the plate at the right is PL300x16. Use A-36 steel.
40 40
60
90
T T
90
60
T/2
T/2 T
II. Design of Tension Structures
Solution:
The sum of the thickness of the two plates at the left is 2x10 = 20mm
This is thicker than the 16mm plate at the right.
Thus, the plate in the right is critical.
a. Tensile yield strength of the plate is:
ASD Method:
T = Ag F y = (16x300) (248)
2 - PL300x10 PL300x16
Ωt 1.67
= 712,814.37 N
1000
= 712.81 kN
Steel Yield Stress & Tensile Stress
A-36 A-50
Yield Stress, Mpa (Fy) 248 Mpa 345 MPa
Tensile Stress, Mpa 400 Mpa 428 MPa

(Fu)
B. Tensile rupture strength:
First, the critical path must be determined.
There is no mention on the type of the hole, thus assumed as standard.
Consider first A-B-D-E:

40 40
A
60
B
90
C
90
D
60
E
Net width = 300 -2(16+2+2)

= 260 mm
Now, consider first A-B-C-D-E:
40 40
A
60
B
90
C
90
D
60
E
s²/ 4g
Net width = 300 -3(20) + [ 2 x 40² ]

4x90
= 248.89 mm < 260 mm
Therefore, path A-B-C-D-E is the critical path.

The tensile rupture strength of the plate is:
T = Ae Fu = (16x248.89) (400)
Ωt 2.0
= 796,448
1000
= 796.44 kN
This value is larger than the Tensile Yield strength. (796.44>712.81)
Therefore, the maximum safe load T is 796.44 kN.

Shear Lag
• A structural phenomenon where part of the cross section is subjected to higher

stresses while other parts have little to no stress
• Typically caused by connection geometry
• To put it simply, shear lag happens when a member is loaded in tension,

and not all of it is connected, then the member does not experience uniform
stress at the connection
• Shear lag can occur for both bolted and welded connections.
• For bolted connection, the extent of shear lag is also affected by the
number of bolts in the longitudinal direction.
• In the figure(below), the stresses are concentrated to the 2 bolts, and a

bigger portion of the section becomes inactive and without stresses
Figure: Shear lag for connection with 2 bolts

• In contrast, if there are more bolts in a line parallel to the direction of the
force, the more gradual transfer of the load and lesser effect of shear lag
Figure: Shear lag for connection with 4 bolts

• NSCP Table 504.3.1 II. Design of Tension Structures
• As defined by the NSCP,
Ae = U x A n
where:
Ae = Effective Area
U = Shear lag Factor, U
An = Net Area
Example
Determine the shear lag factors of the welded connections in Figure a & b below:
300
Figure a
250
600
Figure b
250
Figure a Figure b
250
250
300
600
Solution:
The above connection fall under Case 4 category in Table 504.3.1
For figure (a), U = 0.75 Figure a
250
since: 300
1.5w > l > w
1.5(250) > 300 > 250
For figure (b), U = 1.0 Figure b

250
since:
600
l ≥ 2w
600 > 2(250)

Example
Determine the lightest W12 section that can be used using LRFD for members in Group A, B and
C in the bottom chord of the truss shown.
There are four rows of 16mm bolts in a section as shown and it can be assumed that there are
3 or more bolts in each row.
The factored loads Pu = 270 kN. Use A-36 steel.
I J
4.0 m
D E F G H D
A B C C B A
P P P P P
Section
Solution:
Solve for the member forces(method of sections):
The vertical reactions:
R = 5(270) = 675 kN
2
FD
@ left support: 5 Solve for FA:
4
∑Fy = 0;
3
675 – 4/5(FD) = 0
FA FD = 843.75 kN
675 ∑Fx = 0;
FA – 3/5(FD) = 0
FA – 3/5(843.75) = 0
FA = 506.25 kN
FI
5
FF
4
3
FB Solve for FB:
675 270 ∑Fy = 0;

675 – 270 – 4/5(FF) = 0
FF = 506.25 kN
∑Mo = 0;
675(6) – (FI)(4) = 0
FI = 1,012.5 kN
∑Fx = 0;
FB – FI – 3/5(FF) = 0
FB – 1012.5 – 3/5(506.25) = 0
FB = 1,316.25 kN
FJ Solve for Fc:

5
FH
3
4 ∑Fy = 0;
FC 675 – 270 – 270 -4/5(FH) = 0
270 270
FH = 168.75 kN
675
∑Mo = 0;
675(12) – 270(6) – FJ(4) = 0
FJ = 1,620 kN
∑Fx = 0;
FC – 3/5(FH) - FJ = 0
FC - (3/5)(168.75) – 1,620 = 0
FC = 1,721.25 kN
For Group A:
The required area for yield failure:
T=  Pn=  Ag Fy
Req’d. A = FA ; t = 0.9 (resistance factor for yielding)
t (Fy)
Req’d. A = 506.25 (1000)

0.9(248)
Req’d. A = 2,268.1 mm²
From Table of Sections from the AISC Manual,
Try W12x14: A =2,684 mm², d = 302.51 mm, bf = 100.84 mm, tf = 5.72mm
Considering shear lag, from NSCP Table 504.3.1:

bf < 2/3(d)
100.84 < 2/3(302.51)
100.84 < 201.67
The shear lag factor from Case 7, U = 0.85

Rupture capacity(Tensile Rupture Strength) of the section:

Bolt hole areas (red colored)
Area gross
tf Design bolt hole
An = 2,684 – 4(5.72)(16+2+2)
= 2,226.4 mm²
T = t (U x An) Fu ; t = 0.75 (resistance factor for rupture)
= 0.75(0.85 x 2,226.4)(400) / 1000
= 567.732 kN > 506.25 kN (FA) (Use W12x14)

For Group B: II. Design of Tension Structures
Req’d. A = FB ; t = 0.9 (resistance factor for yielding)

t (Fy)
Req’d. A = 1,316.25 (1000)

0.9(248)
Req’d. A = 5,897.18 mm²

Try W12x35: A =6,645 mm², d = 317.50 mm, bf = 166.62 mm, tf = 13.21 mm
bf < 2/3(d)
166.62 < 2/3(317.50)
166.62 < 211.67


bolt hole areas (red colored)
An = 6,645 – (4)(16+2+2) (13.21)
= 5,588.20 mm²
= 0.75(0.85 x 5,588.20 x 400) / 1000
= 1,424.99 > 1,316.25 Kn (FB) (use W12x35)

For Group C:
Req’d. A = FC ; t = 0.9 (resistance factor for yielding)

t (Fy)
Req’d. A = 1,721.25 (1000)

0.9(248)
Req’d. A = 7,711.69 mm²

Try W12x45: A =8,516 mm², d = 306.32 mm, bf = 204.34 mm, tf = 14.61 mm
bf ≥ 2/3(d)
204.34 ≥ 2/3(306.32)
204.34 ≥ 204.21


bolt hole areas (red colored)
An = 8,516 – (4)(16+2+2) (14.61)
= 7,347.20 mm²
= 0.75(0.90 x 7,347.20 x 400) / 1000
= 1,983.74 kN > 1,721.25 kN (use W12x45)

End of Presentation
Thank you!

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II.

Design of Tension Structures

This is thicker than the 16mm plate at the right.

Thus, the plate in the right is critical.

a. Tensile yield strength of the plate is:

Tensile Stress, Mpa 400 Mpa 428 MPa

B. Tensile rupture strength:

First, the critical path must be determined.

There is no mention on the type of the hole, thus assumed as standard.

Consider first A-B-D-E:

Net width = 300 -2(16+2+2)

Now, consider first A-B-C-D-E:

Net width = 300 -3(20) + [ 2 x 40² ]

Therefore, path A-B-C-D-E is the critical path.

The tensile rupture strength of the plate is:

This value is larger than the Tensile Yield strength. (796.44>712.81)

Therefore, the maximum safe load T is 796.44 kN.

• A structural phenomenon where part of the cross section is subjected to higher

• Typically caused by connection geometry

• To put it simply, shear lag happens when a member is loaded in tension,

• In the figure(below), the stresses are concentrated to the 2 bolts, and a

Figure: Shear lag for connection with 2 bolts

Figure: Shear lag for connection with 4 bolts

• As defined by the NSCP,

For figure (a), U = 0.75 Figure a

1.5w > l > w

1.5(250) > 300 > 250

For figure (b), U = 1.0 Figure b

600 > 2(250)

Solve for the member forces(method of sections):

The vertical reactions:

675 270 ∑Fy = 0;

FJ Solve for Fc:

The required area for yield failure:

Req’d. A = 506.25 (1000)

Req’d. A = 2,268.1 mm²

From Table of Sections from the AISC Manual,

Try W12x14: A =2,684 mm², d = 302.51 mm, bf = 100.84 mm, tf = 5.72mm

Considering shear lag, from NSCP Table 504.3.1:

The shear lag factor from Case 7, U = 0.85

Rupture capacity(Tensile Rupture Strength) of the section:

T = t (U x An) Fu ; t = 0.75 (resistance factor for rupture)

= 0.75(0.85 x 2,226.4)(400) / 1000

= 567.732 kN > 506.25 kN (FA) (Use W12x14)

The required area for yield failure:

Req’d. A = FB ; t = 0.9 (resistance factor for yielding)

Req’d. A = 1,316.25 (1000)

Req’d. A = 5,897.18 mm²

From Table of Sections from the AISC Manual,

Considering shear lag, from NSCP Table 504.3.1:

166.62 < 2/3(317.50)

166.62 < 211.67

The shear lag factor from Case 7, U = 0.85

Rupture capacity(Tensile Rupture Strength) of the section:

An = 6,645 – (4)(16+2+2) (13.21)

T = t (U x An) Fu ; t = 0.75 (resistance factor for rupture)

= 0.75(0.85 x 5,588.20 x 400) / 1000

= 1,424.99 > 1,316.25 Kn (FB) (use W12x35)

The required area for yield failure:

Req’d. A = FC ; t = 0.9 (resistance factor for yielding)

Req’d. A = 1,721.25 (1000)

Req’d. A = 7,711.69 mm²

From Table of Sections from the AISC Manual,