ROUTING INFORMATION

PROTOCOL (RIP)
PRESENTED BY SIKANDAR FARID
ROLL NUMBER 1523006 (06)
BS IT 2ND BATCH
INSTRUCTOR: MR. UMAR ALI
ROUTING

Static • Predefined path set by administrator

Routing
Dynamic • Defined by routing protocols
Routing
DYNAMIC ROUTING

• Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)

• These protocols are used to exchange routing information within an autonomous
system. (also called intra-domain routing)
• Like Distance Vector and Link State

• Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)

• They are used for routing between autonomous systems. (also called inter-domain
routing)
• Like BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOLS
(IGP)
• Distance Vector
• Each router periodically shares its knowledge about the entire internet
with its neighbor.

• Link State
• Triggered updates
DISTANCE VECTOR

• Distance Vector Protocols

• RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

• IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

LINK STATE

• Link State Protocols

• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

• IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

• Hybrid: EIGRP (Distance Vector + Link State Properties)

ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL
(RIP)

• RIP was first developed in 1969 as a part of ARPANET.

• It is a distance-vector protocol, which employs Hop Count as the
metric.
• The maximum number of hops allowed with RIP (version 1) is 15.
• It runs above Network layer of the Internet protocol suite, using
UDP port 520 to carry its data.
ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL
(RIP)
• Each node calculates the distances between itself and all other
nodes within the AS and stores this information as a table.
• Each node sends its table to all neighboring nodes.
• When a node receives distance tables from its neighbors, it
calculates the shortest routes to all other nodes and updates its
own table to reflect any changes.
• A router advertisements every 30 seconds.
ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL
(RIP)
• Each message consists of pairs, where each pair contains an IP
network address and an integer distance to that network.
• All nodes listen to the advertisements and updates their route
tables.
• The information is stored in a RIP routing table.
• When network topology changes occur, they are reflected in
routing update messages.
RIP TIMERS

• RIP uses certain timers to regulate its performance.

• The routing-update timer clocks the interval between periodic
routing updates, each router periodically transmits it entire routing
table to all the other routers on the network each 30 seconds.
• This is controlled by the route invalid timer (or route-timeout
timer), which determines how much time must expire without a
router having heard about a particular route before that route is
considered invalid.
RIP TIMERS

• Each routing table entry has a route-timeout timer associated with

it.
• When the route-timeout timer expires, the route is marked invalid
and neighbors are notified of this fact.
• Typical initial value of route invalid timer is 90 seconds.
HOP-COUNT LIMIT
• RIP prevents routing loops from continuing indefinitely by
implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path
from the source to a destination.
• The maximum number of hops in a path is 15.
• If a router receives a routing update that contains a new or
changed entry, and if increasing the metric value by 1 causes the
metric to be infinity (that is, 16), the network destination is
considered unreachable.
• The downside of this stability feature is that it limits the maximum
diameter of a RIP network to less than 16 hops.
RIP VERSION 1 & 2

• RIP version 1 is classfull (no subnet mask)

• RIP version 2 is classless

• Classfull routing protocols have three major limitations:

• Does not support discontiguous networks.
• Does not support VLSM (Variable-length Subnet Mask).
• Does not support CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
RIP VERSION 1 & 2
RIP VERSION 1 & 2

• Discontingous Network
• Discontiguous network is a network that has two or more subnetworks
of a classful network joined together by different classful networks.
RIP VERSION 1 & 2

• VLSM
• It amounts to "subnetting subnets," which means that VLSM allows
network engineers to divide an IP address space into a hierarchy of
subnets of different sizes, making it possible to create subnets with
very different host counts without wasting large numbers of
addresses.
RIP VERSION 1 & 2
• CIDR
• CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, sometimes called supernetting) is a way to
allow more flexible allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses than was possible
with the original system of IP address classes.
RIP VERSION 1 & 2
• RIP v1 can sends updates to only v1 & can receive updates from
both v1 & v2.
• RIP v2 can send & receive updates from v2.
• Updates under RIPv2 are sent as a multicast to address 224.0.0.9.
• RIPv1 sends updates as a broadcast (255.255.255.255).

• Multicasts can take up less bandwidth on the network.