PRESENTED BY

• AREEBA SALEEM
• QURRAT-UL-AIN
• MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH
• AHMAD RAZA
• SANIA LIAQAT
BIOSTATISTICS
PRESENTATION
DATA AND ITS TYPES
 CHARACTERISTICS AND EXAMPLE
OF STATISTICS
• CHARACTERISTICS:
Statistics is a process of:
• Collection
• Organization
• Analysis
• Interpretation of data
• EXAMPLE: Consider all math classes
in a school as a population .One math
class is selected as a sample .
• Collect data
• Organize
• Results are interpret
• Then we find out the average
terminology
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
• Population
• Variable
• Sample
• Parameter
• Sample
size
 POPULATION AND
PARAMETER
• POPULATION: A complete set of
measurement for which inferences are
made.
• EXAMPLE :
• All books in the library
• Population maybe finite or infinite
• PARAMETER: Measurement
obtained from population.
 SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE
• SAMPLE: Set of measurement
actually collected in case of
investigation.
• EXAMPLE:
• Some books selected from the library.
• SAMPLE SIZE:
• No of element included in the sample.
 VARIABLE
• DEFINITION: Data that can be
taken on different numerical values
• EXAMPLE:
• Height
• Weight
• Heart rate
 STATISTICS
• Branch of Mathematics
• Deals with collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of data
• Used by government and companies to make predictions based on facts
• Can be used in health care, economics and education
• EXAMPLE:
• Streaming Charts of VOD Apps in UNITED STATES
 BIOSTATISTICS
• Refers to study of biological data especially data relating to human biology,
biological laboratory experiments, medical research and health services
• Goal of biostatistics is to study inter relationship between variables
• Variables are characteristics that vary in from one person to another in a
population or group
• EXAMPLE:
• Relationship between smoking and various health outcomes
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• Deals with summarizing and
presenting data in a meaningful way
• Quantitatively describes
characteristics of a particular data set
under study with the help of brief
summary
• Further broken down into measure of
central tendency, measurement of
spread and measurement of shape
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• Concerned with making
predictions about a
population based on sample
of data
• In this branch random
sample is drawn from large
population to make
deductions about whole
population
 DATA
• DERIVED FROM: The word data is the plural
of the Latin datum, meaning for "something
given.“
• DATUM: something used as a basis for
reasoning or arriving at a conclusion or for
calculating or measuring.
• DEFINITION:. Data is information such as
facts and numbers used to analyze something or
make decisions.
 COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATION
OF DATA
• COMPOSITION: DATA may consist of
facts, numbers, names, figures or even
description of things.
• ORGANIZATION: Involves structuring data
in a systematic way to define its
characteristics, properties and relationship.
• Data is organized in the form of graphs,
charts or tables
 COLLECTION OF DATA
• COLLECTION of data refers to the
systematic process of gathering
information from various sources in
order to create a data set for analysis or
research purposes
• Data is a collection of information
gathered by observations,
measurements, research or analysis.
 RESEARCH OF DATA
• RESEARCH of data refers to the
systematic process of collecting, analyzing,
interpreting and drawing conclusions from
datasets to answer research questions or
solve problems
• It involves applying various methods and
techniques to explore and patterns, trends
and relationships within data.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
• DEFINITION: Quantitative data refers
to the information that can be measured
and expressed numerically.
• Describes the quantity of things.
• Can be measured in the form of numbers.
• EXAMPLE: Include measurements like
height, weight and temperature.
 DISCRETE DATA
• DEFINITION: Discrete data refers to the
information that can only take on specific
values and cannot be measured precisely.
• Usually integers.
• Do not have decimal points or fractions.
• EXAMPLE: Include number of students in
a class, number of cars in a parking lot.
 CONTINUOUS DATA
• DEFINITION: Continuous data refers
to the data that can be measured.
• This data has values that are not fixed
and has an infinite number of possible
values.
• EXAMPLE: Include height or weight of
a person
• Time and temperature.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTINUOUS
DATA

Continuous
data

INTERVAL RATIO
 INTERVAL SCALE
• DEFINITION: An interval scale is one
where the difference between two
values is meaningful.
• Holds no true zero.
• Can fall below zero.
• EXAMPLE: Includes temperature in
Fahrenheit scale, ph.
 RATIO SCALE
• DEFINITION: A ratio scale is a
quantitative scale where there is a true
zero and equal interval between
neighboring points.
• True zero exists.
• Never fall below zero.
• EXAMPLE: Include height and weight
measured from zero and above.
 QUALITATIVE DATA
Definition: Qualitative data are those that
depict ideas and information that cannot be
quantified.
• Describes the quality of things
• Classified into groups
• Cannot be measured in the form of
numbers
• Cannot perform arithmetic operations
CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITATIVE
DATA

Qualitativ
e data

Nominal Ordinal
data data
 NOMINAL DATA
Definition: Nominal data refers to the data that can be
categorized but not ranked or measured in a specific
order.
• Can be grouped
• Cannot be sorted
• Cannot perform arithmetic operations
 ORDINAL DATA
Definition: Ordinal data represents categories with a
specific meaningful order. These categories can be
ranked based on their relative position or value.
• Can be grouped
• Can be sorted
• Cannot perform arithmetic operation