Data and its types

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Presented by:

 Kashif Kaman
 Ahmad Yaqoob
 Tayyaba Sarwar
 Abdul Rauf
 Saliha Abbas
 Introduction
 Statistics:

Statistics is the discipline that deals with

the collection, analysis, interpretation,
presentation, and organization of data. It
involves methods for summarizing and
making inferences from data, often with the
goal of understanding patterns, trends, and
relationships within datasets
Basics Concepts in Statistics

 Population
 Variable
 Sample
 Parameter
 Sample size
Population and Parameter

 Population : In statistics, a population refers to the entire group or collection of

individuals, items, or elements that are of interest for a particular study or analysis.
 Examples:
 Human population, Student population, Employee Population
 Parameter: In statistics, a parameter is a characteristic or measure that describes a
population. Parameters are numerical values that summarize the population distribution
and provide information about its central tendency, variability, shape, or other relevant
features.
Population and Parameter
Sample and Sample Size

 Sample: A sample, in statistics, is a subset

of individuals, items, or observations
selected from a larger population.
 Examples:
 Some students selected from the whole
class
 Sample Size: A sample, in statistics, is a
subset of individuals, items, or
observations selected from a larger
population
Variables

 Definition: In statistics and research methodology, a variable is any characteristic,

attribute, or quantity that can vary or take on different values
 Examples:
 Height
 Weight
 Biostatistics
Biostatistics, also known as biometry or biometrics, is a
branch of statistics that deals with the design, analysis, and
interpretation of data from biological, health, and medical
sciences. It applies statistical methods and techniques to
study biological phenomena, evaluate healthcare
interventions, and make informed decisions in fields such as
medicine, epidemiology, genetics, public health, and
environmental health
 Examples:
 Clinical Trials, Genetic Studies, Nutritional Studies
Types of Statistics

 There are two types of statistics:

1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential statistics
Descriptive Statistics

 Descriptive statistics refers to the branch of statistics that involves the organization,
summarization, and presentation of data in a meaningful and informative way. It focuses
on describing the main features of a dataset, such as central tendency, variability,
distribution, and relationships between variables
Inferential Statistics

 Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that involves using sample data to make
inferences or draw conclusions about a larger population. It extends beyond descriptive
statistics, which simply summarize and describe data, by allowing researchers to make
predictions, test hypotheses, and generalize findings to populations based on sample data.
Data

 Raw facts and figures

 Research data: that has been
collected, observed, generated or
created to validate original research
findings
 Data

 The primary data are those which are

collected afresh and for the first time.
 Primary data are original in nature and
directly related to the issue or problem
and current data.
 The Secondary data , on the other hand,
are those which have already been
collected by someone else and which have
already been passed through the statistical
process.
Sources/Methods of Primary Data

 Observation (Structured and Unstructured)

 Interview ( Personal / Telephonic)
 Questionnaire
 Schedule ( Enumerator)
 Other method – Warranty Card, Use of Mechanical Devices, Audits
Sources / Methods of Secondary Data

 Internal sources of Data

 Company Records
 Employee records
 Sales records
 Financial Records
 Other
Sources / Methods of Secondary Data

 External sources :
 Published Data – By Government or Private agencies/organization
 Census, CSO data, NSS
 Books and magazines
 Journals
 Newspapers
 Websites etc.
Data management

 It refers to collecting data, storing it,,

organizing it and than finally
displaying it to ne analyzed for
efficient use of information.
Raw Data:
 Can be arranged in the following ways:
1. Alphabetical order
2. Ascending order
Types of Data
Qualitative data

 Also known as “CATEGORICAL DATA”

 Describes the quality of things.
 Cannot be measured in the form of number
 Classified into groups.
 No arithmetic operation apply ( i.e. +, -, )
 Examples:
 Hair Color ( Black, Red, Brown, Green, )
 Size ( XL, L, M, S)
 Types of Qualitative Data

 There are two types of qualitative data:

1. Nominal Data
2. Ordinal Data
1. Nominal Data

 Data can be categorized

 It cannot be measured
 It has no rank or order
 It is not equidistant
 It does not have any meaningful zero ( e.g. black hair)
 It cannot be sorted because has no rank
 Frequency, %, ::, and central points can be calculated with this type of data
 E.g. Nationality, Gender, Hair color.
2. Ordinal data

 It cannot be measured in the form of numbers.

 It has rank or order (e.g L> M)
 Not equidistant (e.g L-M = X.L- L)
 X Meaningful zero ( e.g. Nothing the size zero)
 Mathematical Operation:
 Data can be grouped into categories.
 Can be sorted ( as fellow some order < or >
 Can calculate freq, %, proportions, central points
 E.g Opinion (Yes or No ) , Size of cloth, Grades( A, B, C), ( XL> L> M>S)
Quantitative Data

 It refers to information that can be measured and written down with numbers. It’s all about
quantities, or things that can be counted or measured. Here are some examples:
 Age: It’s a number, like 25 years old.
 Height: Measured in units like meters or feet, such as 1.75 meters.
 Temperature: Expressed in degrees, like 30 C
 Test Scores: Numbers that show performance, like scoring 85 out of 100
 Sales Figures: How much was sold, like selling 300 units of a product.
Types of quantitative Data

 There are two types:

1. Discrete Data
2. Continuous Data
1. Discrete data

 This type of data can only take certain values. Think of it like counting whole numbers.
You can’t have half a person or 2.7 cars.
 Examples:
 Number of students are 20 but not 20.5 students
 Votes in an Election: Each vote is counted as a whole unit.
 2. Continuous Data

 This data can take any value within a range. It’s like measuring something that can be
divided into smaller parts.
 Examples:
 Weight: A person can weigh 68.6kg, or any other precise value.
 Time: It can be measured to the nearest second, minute, or even fraction of a second.
Types of Continuous data

 There are two types of Continuous Data:

1. Interval Data
2. Ratio Data
1. Interval data

 Interval data is measured on a scale where the intervals between values are meaningful, but
there is no true zero point.
 Examples:
 Temperature in Celsius: The difference between 20 Degree and 30 Degree is same as the
difference between 30 Degree and 40 Degree, but there is no absolute zero temperature.
 Time of Day: Measured in hours, minutes, or seconds. The difference between 2:00 PM
and 3:00 PM is the same as the difference between 3:00 PM and 4:00 PM
2. Ratio Data

 Ratio data has a true zero point, meaning zero represents the absence of the measured
quantity.
 Examples:
 Height : Measured in cm, inches. A height of 0 means no height (which makes sense)
 Weight: Measured in kg or pounds. A weight of 0 means no weight.
 Distance: Measured in meters or miles. Zero distance means no distance traveled.
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