Professional Documents
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6-Supply Demand Kebj Pem
6-Supply Demand Kebj Pem
Government Policies
Mankiw, N.Gregory. 1998. Principles of Economics.
Hartcourt Brace & Company.
(Terjemahan oleh Haris Munandar & Emil Salim. 2000. Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta)
Price
ceilling <
P eq
berpe-
ngaruh
dan pasar
tidak eq :
D>S
Mekanisme penjatahan
muncul secara alamiah
seperti :
• antrian panjang
• penjual menjatah menurut
keberpihakan pribadi
(saudara, tetangga, teman
dekat, dst)
Bagaimana Batasan Harga Mempengaruhi Hasil
Pasar
Effects of Price Ceilings
• A binding price ceiling creates : P ceiling < P eq
• shortages (Kekurangan) because QD > QS.
• Example: Gasoline shortage of the 1970s
• nonprice rationing (Penjatahan)
• Examples: Long lines, discrimination by sellers
yst_stm
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Pengendalian Sewa dalam
Jangka Pendek dan Jangka Panjang
• Kontrol sewa adalah batas atas harga sewa yang
mungkin dibebankan oleh tuan tanah kepada
penyewa mereka.
• Tujuan dari kebijakan pengendalian sewa adalah
untuk membantu masyarakat miskin dengan
membuat perumahan lebih terjangkau.
• Seorang ekonom menyebut pengendalian sewa
“cara terbaik untuk menghancurkan kota, selain
mengebom.”
Price of
Ice-Cream
Price Cone Supply, S1
buyers
pay
$3.30 Equilibrium without tax
Tax ($0.50)
Price 3.00 A tax on buyers
without 2.80
shifts the demand
tax
curve downward
by the size of
Price Equilibrium the tax ($0.50).
sellers with tax
receive
D1
D2
0 90 100 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Price of
Ice-Cream A tax on sellers
Price Cone Equilibrium S2 shifts the supply
buyers with tax curve upward
pay by the amount of
$3.30 S1
Tax ($0.50) the tax ($0.50).
Price 3.00
without 2.80 Equilibrium without tax
tax
Price
sellers
receive
Demand, D1
0 90 100 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 8 A Payroll Tax = pajak penghasilan
Wage
Labor supply
Wage workers
receive
Labor demand
0 Quantity
of Labor
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Elasticity and Tax Incidence