Relative and absolute sea level change variability in the Palabuhanratu Bay waters

ID-105
Eva Novita, Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa, Mufti Petala Patria

The 4th JESSD Symposium - International Symposium of Earth,

Energy, Environmental Science, and Sustainable Development
August 26 – 27, 2023
 Research Background

 Sea Level Rise (SLR) is one of climate

change indicator phenomenon.

 Compared to current sea level

conditions, SLR will increase the
frequency and magnitude of coastal risks

 Flood, inundation, coastal abrasion, and

sinking of small islands are some effects
due to SLR

Monitoring sea level variability and

trends is crucial to responding to
climate change and for disaster
adaptation and mitigation.
Source: https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/climate-change/
Relative and Absolute SLR Relative sea level
• tidal measurements along the
coastline
• measure sea level relative to the land
• can be impacted by land
subsidence/uplift, tidal level
changes, or a rising (eustatic) sea
level.

Absolute sea level

• Satellite Altimetry measures sea-
surface height (SSH) attached to a
well-defined geocentric reference
frame
• independent of local land movement
Scope of research

Variability and trend of sea level in

the Palabuhanratu Bay waters
based on tidal and altimetry data

The influence of dynamic changes

is analyzed with the relationships
of global climate change factors
caused by ENSO and IOD using
the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) and
Dipole Mode Index (DMI).
The influence of static change of
earth process is analyzed in
relationship sea level change with
the rate of vertical land
movement based on Global
Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) observations.
Study area location in Palabuhanratu Bay
Data:
- Tidal data PRTU tidal station
- Measures Gridded Sea Surface Height Anomalies of Jet Propulsion Lab's Physical
Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PODAAC), altimetry data accessed
from https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/.
- Vertical land movement data based on GNSS observations at the CPTU CORS station.
- ENSO index obtained from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)
https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/
- Dipole Mode Index (DMI) taken from https://psl.noaa.gov/gcos_wgsp/Timeseries/DMI/.
 Tidal data Altimetry data GNSS data ONI, DMI

SSHA grid data

tidal data processing processing
VLM

Method of research
Monthly MSL Monthly SSHA

• STL (A Seasonal-Trend Decomposition

Procedure)

• Linear regression method Trend RSL Trend ASL

Pearson correlation test

Relationship analysis
 Results and discussion

1. Relative SLR
• MSL values ​at Palabuhanratu Bay in
2013-2022 are from 1,440 m to 2,154 m.
• The highest MSL occurred in November
2021, and the lowest MSL occurred in
Relative SLR rate equation
September 2015.
• The Relative SLR value obtained is 1.91 y=0.0021175x+1.6868468
mm/month or 22.86 mm/year.

2. Absolute SLR
• The highest SSHA in May 2020 of 0.343
m and the lowest occurred in July 1994
with an SSHA value of -0.320 m.
• The absolute SLR rate was 0.37 Absolute SLR rate equation
mm/month or 4.48 mm/year 𝑦 =0.0003742 𝑥 − 0.05907

Based on the relative and absolute sea level

time series, the slope value of positive sea
level changes with a linear trend line rise,
which means there has been a sea level rise in
the waters of Palabuhanratu Bay based on the
two sea level observations.
There is difference in SLR values between relative SLR and absolute SLR;
Based on the position of the data collection, it produces different values. Absolute SLR is based on
altimetry data describing sea surface height in offshore areas, while relative SLR is based on tidal
observation data in coastal areas. However, the trend shows a rise in both, and the coefficient
correlation value between MSL and SSHA is 0.72 (close relationship).
 Results and discussion

The relationship between SLR and

dynamic influence (ENSO and IOD)

• High MSL and SSHA values ​

occur in the La Nina
phenomenon and negative IOD
phase
• Low MSL and SSHA values ​
occur in the El Nino and positive
IOD phases.
 ENSO IOD
Results and discussion Relative sea level -0.54 -0.46

Absolute sea level -0.42 -0.57

The relationship between SLR and
dynamic influence (ENSO and IOD) RSL ;
• Moderate relationship between sea level changes and climate anomaly
• the effect of ENSO is stronger than IOD

ASL ;
• Moderate relationship between sea level changes and climate anomaly
• the effect of IOD is stronger than ENSO

Based on between the ASL and climate anomaly relationship, illustrating that
the IOD anomaly has a more dominant effect on offshore changes in ASL. This
condition is possible because the waters of Palabuhanratu Bay are connected
directly to the Indian Ocean. Hence, the influence of IOD is more dominant in
sea level changes in the offshore area. This is to previous research, that the
variability of sea level in the southern waters of Java is more dominantly
influenced by the IOD climate anomaly compared to ENSO based on altimetry
data.
 Results and discussion

GNSS observation data at the CPTU CORS station for 2011-2021, located ±1km
The relationship between SLR and from the PRTU tidal station, shows an uplift trend of 0.2 mm/year. This is of
static influence (VLM) previous research based on GNSS data, several areas in Java Island are
experiencing an uplift around Palabuhanratu Bay to the west until Ujungkulon.

VLM based on GNSS observations has a small effect on MSL and SSHA, with
coefficient correlation are 0.33 and -0.26. The effect of VLM on the MSL is
greater than on the SSHA. This is to the previous statement that the RSL is more
influenced by local influences such as VLM.
 • sea level rise, both absolute SLR based on altimetry data and relative
SLR based on tidal observation, occurs in the waters of Palabuhanratu
Bay.

• ENSO, IOD, and VLM all impact sea level change.

Conclusion
• Sea levels will drop during an El Nino event, while a La Nina event
will result in more rain, improving the water's level.

• The IOD effect influences ASL more, but the ENSO effect influences
RSL more. Because the IOD phenomena are greatly influenced by the
location of the waters facing the Indian Ocean, this is conceivable.

• VLM more impacts the RSL change than the ASL change. This
demonstrates how regional factors like VLM impact tide measurements
along the coast.