McKinley A&p 4e Chap005 PPT Accessible

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Chapter 5
Lecture Outline
Anatomy & Physiology

AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
Fourth Edition
Michael P. McKinley
Valerie Dean O’Loughlin
Theresa Stouter Bidle
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Introduction
Tissues
• Groups of similar cells and extracellular material
(extracellular matrix)
• Common function
• for example, providing protection
• Study of tissues, histology
Four types of tissues

• Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
• Varied structure and function

Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
5.1a Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 1
Epithelium, also referred to as epithelial tissue

• Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells
• Contains little to no extracellular matrix
• Locations:
• Covers body surfaces
• Lines body cavities
• Forms majority of glands
Cellularity
• Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells
Polarity
• Apical surface
• Exposed to external environment or internal body space
• Microvilli or cilia
• Lateral surface with intercellular junctions

• Basal surface
• Epithelium attached to connective tissue
Attachment to basement membrane

• Barrier between epithelium and connective tissue
Avascularity
• Epithelia lack blood vessels
• Nutrients obtained across apical surface or from basal
surface
Extensive innervation
• Richly innervated; detect changes in environment
High regeneration capacity
• Continual replacement of lost cells
Characteristics of Epithelia
Figure 5.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.
5.1b Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Physical protection
• Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
Selective permeability
• Allows passage of some substances while preventing
passage of others
Secretions
• Some cells are specialized to secrete
Sensations
• Supply information to nervous system
5.1c Classification of Epithelial Tissue 1
Classification by number of cell layers

Simple epithelium
• One cell layer thick; all cells contact basement membrane
• Filtration, absorption, or secretion is primary function
Stratified epithelium
• Two or more layers of epithelial cells
• Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane
• In areas subjected to mechanical stress
Pseudostratified epithelium
• Appears layered
• All cells contact basement membrane, but may not reach apical
surface
5.1c Classification of Epithelial Tissue 2
Classification by cell shape

Squamous cells
• Flat, wide, irregular in shape
• Nucleus flat
Cuboidal cells
• About as tall as they are wide
• Nucleus spherical and in center of cell
Columnar cells
• Slender and taller than they are wide
• Nucleus oval; oriented lengthwise in basal region
Transitional cells can change shape, depending on stretch of epithelium
Classification of Epithelia
Organization and Relationship of Epithelia Types
Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Single layer of flat cells

• Spherical to oval nucleus
• Thinnest barrier
• Allows rapid movement of molecules across surface
• Lines air sacs of lungs (alveoli), vessel walls (endothelium), serous
membranes (mesothelium)
©Dr. Thomas Caceci, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• Single layer of uniformly shaped cells

• About as tall as they are wide
• Centrally located spherical nucleus
• Designed for absorption and secretion
• Ideal for structural components of glands
©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of cells
Taller than they are wide
Oval nucleus, lengthwise in basal region
Ideal for secretory and absorptive functions
Two forms:
• Nonciliated
• Ciliated
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Contains microvilli
• Fuzzy structure—brush border
Unicellular glands—goblet cells
• Secrete glycoprotein—mucin
• Forms mucus when mixed with water
Lines most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Cilia project from apical surface

• Move mucus along
Goblet cells interspersed
Lines
• Bronchioles
• Uterine tubes – cilia help move oocyte from ovary to uterus
©Victor P. Eroschenko
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Appears as multiple cell layers
Not really stratified

• All cells in direct contact with basement membrane
• Nuclei scattered at different distances
• Not all cells reach apical surface
Two forms:
• Ciliated
• Nonciliated
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Contains cilia on apical surface

Protective functions
Goblet cells secrete mucin
• Traps foreign particles moved by cilia
Located in large passageways of respiratory system

Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
• Rare, lacks cilia, goblet cells

• Protective functions
• Occurs mainly in male urethra and epididymis
(f) ©Alvin Telser, Ph.D.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Multiple cell layers

• Only deepest in direct contact with basement membrane
Basal layers with cuboidal shape
Apical cells with squamous shape
Protects against abrasion and friction
Stem cells in basal layer continuously divide

• Replace lost cells at surface
Exists in keratinized and nonkeratinized forms
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Superficial layers of dead cells

• Cells lack nuclei, filled with keratin
• Cells in basal region migrate toward apical surface
• Fill with keratin and die
• Found in epidermis
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
All cells alive

Kept moist with secretions (for example, saliva, mucus)
Lack keratin, protective protein
Microscopically visible cell nuclei
Lines
• Oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Two or more layers of cells

Superficial cells cuboidal in shape
Forms tubes and coverings
Protection and secretion
Forms walls of ducts in most exocrine glands
• Sweat glands, parts of male urethra, periphery of ovarian follicles
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• Rare
• Two or more layers of cells
• Columnar cells at apical surface
• Protects and secretes
• Found in large ducts of salivary glands, parts of male urethra

Transitional Epithelium
Limited to urinary tract
In relaxed state
• Basal cells cuboidal or polyhedral; apical cells large and
rounded
In stretched state
• Apical cells flattened
Binucleated cells (two nuclei)
Allows for stretching as bladder fills
Transitional Epithelium: Relaxed and Distended
©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser; ©Victor P. Eroschenko
5.1d Glands 1
Glands
• Individual cells or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue
• Endocrine or exocrine
Endocrine glands
• Lack ducts
• Secrete hormones into blood
Exocrine glands
• Invaginated epithelium in connective tissue
• Connected with epithelial surface by duct
• Epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion
• For example, sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands
5.1d Glands 2
Unicellular exocrine glands

• Do not contain a duct
• Located close to epithelium surface
• Most common type is goblet cell
Multicellular exocrine glands

• Numerous cells
• Acini—cells clusters that produce secretions
• Ducts transport secretions to epithelial surface
• Surrounded by fibrous capsule
• Extensions of capsule—septa, partition gland into lobes
General Structure of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
5.1d Glands 3
Classification of exocrine glands by anatomic form:

• Simple glands—a single, unbranched duct
• Compound glands—branched ducts
• Tubular glands—secretory portion and duct same

diameter
• Acinar glands—secretory portion forms expanded sac
• Tubuloacinar gland—both tubules and acini
Structural Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
5.1d Glands 4
Classification of exocrine glands by method of secretion:

• Merocrine glands
• Package secretions into vesicles, released by exocytosis
• For example Lacrimal (tear) and salivary glands
• Apocrine glands
• Apical membrane pinches off and becomes secretion
• For example mammary and ceruminous glands
• Holocrine glands
• Ruptured cell becomes secretion
• For example sebaceous (oil) glands
Methods of Exocrine Gland Secretion
Section 5.1 What did you learn? 1
1. Why does an epithelium need to be highly regenerative?
2. Why is an epithelium considered selectively permeable?
3. How does simple epithelium differ from stratified

epithelium?
4. What type of epithelial tissue lines the air sacs of the

lungs?
5. Make a table to compare and contrast transitional

epithelium and keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
with respect to structure, function, and location.
6. What are the two basic parts of a multicellular exocrine

gland? Describe each.
7. What are the differences between holocrine and

merocrine glands?
5.2 Connective Tissue: Cells in a Supportive Matrix
Connective tissue (CT): Most diverse, abundant, and widely

distributed of the tissue types
Shared characteristics of CT:

• Originate from mesenchyme
• Vascular, but degree of vascularity varies widely
• Wide range of ability to regenerate

• For example, bone and blood = high regenerative capacity;
cartilage cannot regenerate
5.2a Characteristics of Connective Tissue 1
All connective tissue shares three basic components: cells,

protein fibers, ground substance
The ground substance and proteins comprise the
extracellular matrix
Cells
• Classes of CT have specific cell types
• Most cells not in direct contact with each other
• Two classes of cells:
• Resident cells
• Wandering cells
Resident cells
• Stationary, housed in CT
• Support, maintain, repair extracellular matrix
Examples of resident cells:
• Fibroblasts
• Flat cells with tapered ends
• Most abundant resident cells in CT proper
• Produce fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix
• Adipocytes (fat cells)
• Appear in small clusters in some types of CT proper
• Adipose connective tissue—dominant area of large clusters
Examples of resident cells (continued)

• Mesenchymal cells
• Embryonic stem cell
• Divides to replace damaged cells
• One replaces mesenchymal cell, other becomes committed cell
• Fixed macrophages
• Relatively large, irregular-shaped cells
• Derived from monocytes (a type of leukocyte)
• Dispersed throughout matrix
• Phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens
• Release chemicals that stimulate immune system/attract wandering
cells
Wandering cells
• Continuously move through CT
• Components of immune system
• Repair damaged extracellular matrix
• Types of leukocytes, white blood cells
• Protect body from harmful agents
Protein fibers
• Collagen fibers
• Unbranched, “cable-like” long fibers
• Numerous in tendons and ligaments
• Reticular fibers
• Similar to collagen fibers but thinner
• Abundant in stroma of some organs (for example lymph node)
• Elastic fibers
• Contain protein elastin
• Stretch and recoil easily
• Found in skin, walls of arteries
Ground substance
• Molecular (not cellular) material produced by CT cells
• Residence of CT cells and protein fibers
• Consistency:
• Viscous (for example, blood)
• semisolid (for example, cartilage)
• Solid (for example, bone)
• Ground substance + protein fibers = extracellular matrix
Ground substance (continued )

• Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
• Large molecule in ground substance
• Charge attracts cations, water follows
• Proteoglycans
• Formed with GAG linked to a protein
• Glycoproteins
• Proteins with carbohydrates attached
• Bond CT cells and fibers to ground substance
Connective Tissue Components and Organization
Clinical View: Scurvy
• Vitamin C essential for healthy collagen fibers
• Scurvy caused by vitamin C deficiency
• Symptoms: weakness, gum ulceration, hemorrhages,

abnormal bone growth
• Caused by nutritional deficiencies
• Treated by consuming foods high in vitamin C or

supplements
5.2b Functions of Connective Tissue
Functions of CT:
• Physical protection
• Support and structural framework
• Binding of structures
• Storage
• Transport
• Immune protection
5.2c Embryonic Connective Tissue 1
Mesenchyme
• Source of all other CT cells
• Adult CT often has mesenchymal stem cells
Mucous connective tissue

• Found in umbilical cord only
5.2c Embryonic Connective Tissue 2
(photos): (a) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser; (b) ©Ed Reschke
Clinical View: Marfan Syndrome
Rare genetic disease of CT

Causes skeletal, cardiovascular, and visual abnormalities
Abnormal chromosome 15
Symptoms
• Abnormally long fingers, toes, limbs
• Malformation of thoracic cage, vertebral column
• Easily dislocated joints, resulting from weak ligaments, tendons,
and joint capsules
• Weakness in aorta and abnormal heart valves
• Slipped lens of the eye
Often death before age 50 due to cardiovascular problems
Early diagnosis/medical management allows long life span
Connective Tissue Classification
5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 1
CT proper
• Loose CT
• Fewer cells and protein fibers than dense CT
• Protein fibers are sparse and irregularly arranged
• Abundant ground substance
• Body’s “packing material”, supports structures
• Three types:
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
Areolar CT
• Loose organization of collagen and elastic fibers

• Highly vascularized
• Predominant cell is the fibroblast
• Ground substance is abundant and viscous
• Found in the papillary layer of dermis, subcutaneous layer, and
surrounding organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels
Adipose CT
Commonly referred to as fat

Composed mostly of adipocytes
Two types
• White (stores energy, acts as insulator, cushions)
• Brown (found in newborns, generates heat, lost as we age)
Adipose gain/loss due to adipocytes enlarging or shrinking
Reticular CT
• Meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes

• Structural framework (stroma) of many lymphatic organs (for example
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow)

CT proper
• Dense CT
• Mostly protein fibers
• Less ground substance than loose CT
• Collagen fibers predominate
• Three categories:
1. Dense regular
2. Dense irregular
3. Elastic
Dense Regular CT
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

Resemble stacked lasagna noodles
In tendons and ligaments
• Stress typically applied in a single direction
Few blood vessels
Takes a long time to heal
©Ed Reschke
Dense Irregular CT
• Clumps of collagen fibers extend in all directions

• Provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions
• Found in dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of
cartilage, capsules around internal organs
©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete

Elastic CT
• Branching, densely packed elastic fibers

• Able to stretch and recoil
• Found in walls of large arteries, trachea, vocal cords
Supporting CT
Two types: cartilage, bone
Cartilage
• Firm, semisolid extracellular matrix
• Collage and elastic protein fibers
• Chondrocytes—mature cells
• Occupy small spaces called lacunae
• Strong and resilient

• More flexible than bone
Cartilage (continued)
• In areas of body that need support and must withstand
deformation (for example, tip of nose)
• Avascular in mature state
• Three types
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type

Clear, glassy appearance under microscope
Surrounded by perichondrium
Located in
• Nose, trachea, and larynx
• Costal cartilage
• Articular ends of long bones
• Most of fetal skeleton
©Ed Reschke
Fibrocartilage
Weight-bearing cartilage, resists compression

Protein fibers in irregular bundles between chondrocytes
Sparse ground substance; no perichondrium
Located in
• Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
• Menisci of knee joint
©Ed Reschke
Elastic Cartilage
Flexible, springy cartilage
Numerous densely packed elastic fibers
• Ensure tissue is resilient and flexible
Chondrocytes closely packed
Surrounded by a perichondrium
Located in external ear and epiglottis
Bone
• More solid than cartilage
• Greater support, but less flexible
• Organic components (collagen and glycoproteins)
• Inorganic components (calcium salts)
• Bone cells—osteocytes
• Housed within spaces in extracellular matrix called lacunae
• Two types:
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Bone types
• Compact bone
• Perforated by neurovascular canals
• Cylindrical structures—osteons
• Display concentric rings of bone CT called lamellae
• Lamellae encircle central canal, location of blood vessels and nerves
• Spongy bone
• Located in interior of bone
• Latticework structure, strong and lightweight
Bone functions
• Levers for movement
• Supports tissues
• Protects vital organs
• Stores minerals, for example, calcium and phosphorus
• Houses hematopoietic cells, which make blood cells
Bone
©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete

Fluid CT
• Blood
• Fluid connective tissue with formed elements
• Erythrocytes transport respiratory gases
• Leukocytes protect against infectious agents
• Cellular fragments, called platelets, help clot blood
• Liquid ground substance is called plasma
• Dissolved proteins
• Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones
• Lymph
• Derived from blood plasma
• No cellular components or fragments
• Ultimately returned to bloodstream
Blood

8. What are the basic functional differences between

resident cells and wandering cells in connective tissue?
9. What is the function of GAGs in ground substance?
10. What are some of the general functions of connective

tissue?
11. What is the composition of mesenchyme, and what is its

function?
12. Make a flow chart that starts with the common origin of
all types of connective tissue, and then classifies each of
the different types of connective tissue.
13. Describe the composition and location of fibrocartilage.
14. Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
5.3 Muscle Tissue: Movement 1
Muscle tissue
• Contractile: cells shorten when stimulated
• Contraction causes movement
• Voluntary motion of body parts
• Contraction of heart
• Propulsion of material through digestive and urinary tracts
• Three types
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
Skeletal muscle tissue

• Striated or voluntary muscle tissue
• Moves skeleton
• Long cylindrical cells called skeletal muscle fibers
• Arranged in parallel bundles that run length of entire
muscle
• Multinucleated
• Alternating light and dark bands, striations
• Does not contract unless stimulated by somatic nervous
system
• Voluntary
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
©Ed Reschke/Getty Images
Cardiac muscle tissue

• Confined to middle layer of heart wall, myocardium
• Responsible for heart contraction to pump blood
• Visible striations
• Cells short and often bifurcating (branching)
• One or two nuclei
• Cells connected by intercalated discs
• Strengthen connection between cells
• Promote rapid conduction of electrical activity
• Involuntary
• Cannot be controlled by voluntary nervous system
• Pacemaker cells initiate contraction
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

• Visceral or involuntary muscle tissue
• Lacks striations; appears smooth
• Cells are spindle-shaped
• Cells short with one central oval nucleus
• Found in walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder,

uterus, blood vessels
• Helps propel movement through these organs
• No voluntary control over the muscle

Smooth Muscle Tissue
Section 5.3 What did you learn?
15. Compare and contrast the structure of skeletal and

cardiac muscle tissue.
5.4 Nervous Tissue: Information Transfer and
Integration 1
Nervous tissue
• Located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Cells called neurons

• Receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses
• Larger number of glial cells

• Do not transmit nerve impulses
• Instead, are responsible for protection, nourishment, and support of

neurons
5.4 Nervous Tissue: Information Transfer and
Integration 2
Parts of a neuron:
• Cell body
• Houses nucleus and other organelles
• Nerve cell processes extend from cell body
• Shorter and more numerous processes are called
dendrites
• Receive incoming signals and transmit information
• Axon is the single long process extending from the cell
body
• Carries outgoing signals to other cells
• Neurons are longest cells in the body
Nervous Tissue
©Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake

16. What is the difference between a neuron and a glial

cell?
5.5a Organs 1
Organs
• Two or more tissue types
• Work together to perform specific complex functions
• Different structures must work in concert
• For example, stomach, contains all four tissue types
5.5a Organs 2
Example: The stomach

• Lined by epithelium
• Secretes substances for chemical digestion of nutrients
• Areolar and dense CT in walls
• Blood vessels and nerves
• Provides shape and support
• Three layers of smooth muscle in walls
• Contract and relax to mix stomach contents
• Abundant nervous tissue
• Responsible for regulating muscle contraction and gland secretion
Roles of Tissues in an Organ
5.5b Body Membranes 1
Body membranes
• Formed from epithelial layer bound to underlying CT
• Line body cavities
• Cover viscera
• Cover body’s external surface
• Four types:
1. Mucous
2. Serous
3. Cutaneous
4. Synovial
Body Membranes
Mucous membrane
• Also called a mucosa
• Lines compartments that open to external environment
• Includes: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive

tracts
• Performs absorptive, protective, and secretory functions
• Formed from epithelium and underlying CT

• CT component called the lamina propria
Serous membrane
• Lines body cavities that do not open to external
environment
• Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
• Produces thin, watery serous fluid
• Derived from blood plasma
• Reduces friction between opposing surfaces
• Forms parietal and visceral layers

• Serous cavity is in between
Cutaneous membrane
• Also known as the skin
• Covers external surface of body
• Composed of
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Underlying CT
• Protects internal organs and prevents water loss
Synovial membrane
• Lines some joints in body
• Composed of
• Areolar CT
• Covered by squamous epithelial cells lacking basement membrane
• Synovial fluid secreted by epithelial cells

• Reduces friction among moving bone parts
• Distributes nutrients to cartilage
17. Describe why the stomach is considered an organ.
18. What are the differences between the parietal and

visceral layers of the serous membrane?
5.6a Tissue Development
Stages of tissue development

• Oocyte fertilized by a sperm
• Forms diploid cell, zygote
• After multiple cell divisions, becomes blastocyst
• Cells forming embryo, embryoblast
• Three primary germ layers formed by 3rd week

• Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
• Growing structure now an embryo
Primary Germ Layers and Their Derivatives
5.6b Tissue Modification 1
Hypertrophy
• Increase in size of existing cells of a tissue
Hyperplasia
• Increase in number of cells of a tissue
Atrophy
• Shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size
• Due to normal aging or disuse
• For example, bedridden individual
• Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller
• Reversible by physical therap
Clinical View: Stem Cells
©Leonard Lessin/Science Source
Metaplasia
• Change of mature epithelium to a different form
• May occur as epithelium adapts to environment
• For example, smokers

• Experience metaplastic changes in trachea epithelium
• Normal pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium changed
• Becomes nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Will revert back quickly if person quits smoking
Dysplasia
• Abnormal tissue development
• May be precancerous, or revert back to normal
• Must be closely monitored by professionals
• For example, cervical dysplasia due to exposure to human

papillomavirus
Neoplasia
• Tissue growth is out of control
• Neoplasm (tumor) of abnormal tissue develops
• Benign
• Localized growth
• Does not spread
• Malignant
• Metastasizes, spreads and invades other tissues
• Malignant neoplasm is called cancer
• Can interfere with normal functioning, leading to death
Necrosis
• Tissue death
• Due to irreversible tissue damage
• Inflammatory response to tissue damage
• For example, gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis
Clinical View: Gangrene 1
Gangrene: Necrosis of soft tissues of a body part
Due to diminished arterial blood supply
Most common in limbs, fingers, toes
Major complications of diabetes
Intestinal gangrene
• Follows obstruction of blood supply to intestines
• If untreated, leads to death
Clinical View: Gangrene 2
Dry gangrene
• Involved part is desiccated and shriveled
• Usually due to extreme cold
Wet gangrene
• Caused by bacterial infection of tissues with lost blood supply
• Ruptured dying cells release fluid, allows bacteria to flourish
Gas gangrene
• Bacteria invade necrotic tissue
• Bacteria produce gas bubbles

5.6c Aging of Tissues
All tissues change with aging

• Proper nutrition, good health, normal circulation, infrequent
wounds—all promote normal functioning
• Support, maintenance, replacement of cells and
extracellular matrix
• Less efficient after middle age
• Structure and chemical composition of many tissues
altered
• Epithelia thins
• CT loses pliability and resiliency
• Collagen declines
• Bones become brittle
• Muscles atrophy
19. What are the three primary germ layers, and when do
they form?
20. What is the difference between metaplasia, dysplasia,

and a malignant neoplasia?
21. How do epithelia and connective tissue change when we

age?
End of Main Content
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Anatomy & Physiology

• for example, providing protection

• Study of tissues, histology

Four types of tissues

• Varied structure and function

Epithelium, also referred to as epithelial tissue

• Contains little to no extracellular matrix

• Lines body cavities

• Forms majority of glands

• Lateral surface with intercellular junctions

Attachment to basement membrane

Figure 5.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.

Classification by number of cell layers

Classification by cell shape

Figure 5.2 Access the text alternative for slide images.

Figure 5.3 Access the text alternative for slide images.

• Single layer of flat cells

©Dr. Thomas Caceci, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine

Access the text alternative for slide images.

• Single layer of uniformly shaped cells

©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Single layer of cells

Taller than they are wide

Oval nucleus, lengthwise in basal region

Ideal for secretory and absorptive functions

©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser

Cilia project from apical surface

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Appears as multiple cell layers

Not really stratified

• Nuclei scattered at different distances

• Not all cells reach apical surface

Contains cilia on apical surface

©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser

• Rare, lacks cilia, goblet cells

(f) ©Alvin Telser, Ph.D.

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Multiple cell layers

Basal layers with cuboidal shape

Apical cells with squamous shape

Protects against abrasion and friction

Stem cells in basal layer continuously divide

Exists in keratinized and nonkeratinized forms

• Superficial layers of dead cells

©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser

Access the text alternative for slide images.

All cells alive

©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Two or more layers of cells

©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser

Access the text alternative for slide images.

©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser

Limited to urinary tract

Binucleated cells (two nuclei)

Allows for stretching as bladder fills