TEORI BIAYA

COST THEORY

R.MULYO HENDARTO
 Cost & Revenue
• Biaya (cost) adl pengeluaran sejumlah
uang tertentu utk membeli faktor produksi
yg dibutuhkan produsen dalam proses
produksinya.

• Penerimaan (revenue) adl sejumlah uang

yg diterima produsen dari hasil penjualan
outputnya.
BIAYA JANGKA PENDEK & KURVANYA

 BIAYA TETAP
 BIAYA VARIABEL
 BIAYA TOTAL
 BIAYA TETAP RATA-RATA
 BIAYA VARIABEL RATA-RATA
 BIAYA RATA-RATA
 BIAYA MARGINAL

R.MULYO HENDARTO
FUNGSI BIAYA JK PENDEK
 Jk pendek adl su/ periode dimana bbrp input persh
adl tetap (tdk dpt diubah dg mudah).
 Biaya tetap total (total fixed cost, TFC) adl kewa-
jiban total persh per periode waktu utk seluruh
input tetap.
 Biaya variabel total (total variable cost, TVC) adl
kewajiban total persh per periode wkt utk seluruh
input variabel yg digunakan.
 Biaya total (total cost, TC) = TFC + TVC

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Short-Run Cost Functions
Total Cost = TC = f(Q)
Total Fixed Cost = TFC
Total Variable Cost = TVC
TC = TFC + TVC

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 BIAYA (JK_PDK) PER UNIT
 Dari TFC, TVC, TC dpt diturunkan fungsi biaya per unit,
yakni : biaya tetap rata2 (average fixed cost, AFC),
biaya variabel rata2 (average variable cost, AVC), &
biaya total rata2 (average total cost, ATC).

 Biaya marjinal (marginal cost, MC) adl perubahan biaya

total atau perubahan biaya variabel total (TVC) akibat
perubahan dlm jumlah output per unit.

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Short-Run Cost Functions
Average Total Cost = ATC = TC/Q
Average Fixed Cost = AFC = TFC/Q
Average Variable Cost = AVC = TVC/Q
ATC = AFC + AVC
Marginal Cost = TC/Q = TVC/Q

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Short-Run Cost Functions
Q TFC TVC TC AFC AVC ATC MC
0 $60 $0 $60 - - - -
1 60 20 80 $60 $20 $80 $20
2 60 30 90 30 15 45 10
3 60 45 105 20 15 35 15
4 60 80 140 15 20 35 35
5 60 135 195 12 27 39 55

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Cost Curves for a Firm
Total cost
is the vertical TC
Cost 400 sum of FC
($ per and VC.
year) VC
Variable cost
increases with
300 production and
the rate varies with
increasing &
decreasing returns.

200

Fixed cost does not

100 vary with output
50 FC

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Output
Cost Curves for a Firm
Cost
($ per
100
unit)
MC

75

50 ATC
AVC

25

AFC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Output (units/yr.)
BIAYA JANGKA PANJANG & KURVANYA

 LRAC (long run average cost) & LRMC (long run marginal cost)
 Envelope curve : hubungan LRAC & SRAC

R.MULYO HENDARTO
Long-Run Cost Functions
 Jk panjang adl suatu periode dimana seluruh input adl
variabel, shg seluruh biaya adl variabel & persh tidak
menghadapi biaya tetap.

Long-Run Total Cost = LTC = f(Q)

Long-Run Average Cost = LAC = LTC/Q
Long-Run Marginal Cost = LMC = LTC/Q
 Kurva LAC bersinggungan atau menjadi ‘amplop’ dari
kurva biaya jangka pendek (SAC) & menunjukkan biaya
rata2 minimal jk panjang dlm memproduksi berbagai tk
output.
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Relationship Between Long-Run and
Short-Run Average Cost Curves

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